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GCSE Physics <3 > Topic 5 – Forces Fundamentals > Flashcards

Topic 5 – Forces Fundamentals Flashcards

1
Q

give 6 examples of scalar quantities

A

mass, temperature, speed, energy, distance, time

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2
Q

give 6 examples of vector quanitities

A

displacement, weight, force, velocity, acceleration, momentum

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3
Q

give 4 examples of contact forces

A

tension, friction, air resistance, normal contact force

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4
Q

give 3 examples of non contact forces

A

gravitational force, electrostatic force , magnetic force

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5
Q

weight of an object is ___ to the mass of the object

A

directly proportional so if we double the weight we double the mass

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6
Q

what is the centre of mass

A

when the weight of an object can be considered to be acting at a single point

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7
Q

what is a resultant force

A

a single force that has the same effect as all of the original forces acting together

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8
Q

how do we work out resultant force

A

subtract smaller force from larger force and state direction

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9
Q

whats the opposite force to weight in the air?

A

lift

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10
Q

whats the forward force for aeroplanes provided by the engines called

A

thrust

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11
Q

what is work

A

when a force is used to move an object & energy is transferred

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12
Q

when calculating work done, distance must be ________ of the force

A

in the line of action

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13
Q

whats the equation for work done

A

force x distance

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14
Q

in an elastic material, the stretching forces are equal in ______ but opposite in ____

A

magnitude, direction

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15
Q

what do you have to do to change an objects length or shape

A

apply more than one force

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16
Q

why cant you change the length or shape of an object by applying only one force?

A

the forces would no longer be balanced so the object would move instead of changing shape/length

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17
Q

What’s a good example of inelastic materials

A

certain polymers

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18
Q

whats inelastic deformation

A

when inelastic materials do not return to their original shape when stretched

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19
Q

when we stretch/ compress, we’re using a force to do work so elastic potential energy is stored so work done = elastic potential energy. When is this NOT true?

A

if the object is NOT inelastically deformed

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20
Q

how to set up required practical 6: stretching a spring

A

setting up a clamp stand w/ 2 bosses and two clamps,, place a heavy weight on clamp stand to prevent it falling over,,,attach metre ruler and a spring,,, top of the spring needs to be at 0 on the metre ruler ,,, metre rule must b verticle for accurate readings ,,, bottom of spring has wooden splint attached as a pointer

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21
Q

how to take readings for required practical 6: stretching a spring

A

read the position of the pointer on the metre ruler, this is the unstretched length of the string (the length with NO force attached),,, then hang a 1N weight on the spring & read the new position of the pointer,,,, continue adding 1N weights to the spring and reading the position of the pointer then work out the extension produced by adding each weight by subtracting the length of the unstretched spring from each reading then plot the extension against the weight

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22
Q

how would you find out the weight of a mystery object

A

measure the extension of the spring when the object is hanging from it ,,, read the weight of the object from the graph

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23
Q

what happens when a spring is overstretched

A

is exceeded the limit of proportionality

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24
Q

whats the unit for moments?

A

Nm (newton metre)

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25
Q

what do we know about moments if the seesaw is balanced

A

the clockwise moment = the anticlockwise moment

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26
Q

how do blocks topple

A

blocks on a flat surface ,,, the weight of the block act directly down from the centre of mass,,, there comes a point where the line of action lies outside of the base of the object so now theres a resultant moment acting on the block

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27
Q

what is a moment

A

the turning effect of a force

28
Q

levers are what?

A

force multipliers

29
Q

what does the turning effect depend on

A

the distance between the edge of the gear and the centre

30
Q

in water, the bottom of the object experiences a _____ pressure than the top

A

larger

31
Q

when does an object sink?

A

if the upthrust is less than the object’s weight

32
Q

size of the upthrust acting on the object is equal to what?

A

the weight of water displaced

33
Q

what does speed depend on

A

age and fitness,,, the terrain,, distance travelled

34
Q

what are some average speeds

A

walking= 1.5,,,,
running = 3,,,,
cycling= 6 ,,,
car on road = 13 ,,,,,
fast train in UK = 50 ,,,,
cruising aeroplane = 250 ,,,

35
Q

what do you have to remember to do when calculating velocity?

A

stating the direction

36
Q

what happens if an object moves at constant speed in a circle

A

if an object moves at a constant speed in a circle then its velocity is constantly changing even though its speed is constant

37
Q

how to work out speed froma distance time graph

A

the gradient (distance/time)

38
Q

the gradient of a velocity time graph tells us what?

A

the acceleration

39
Q

what does a negative gradient tell us in a velocity time graph

A

the object was decelerating

40
Q

how to find distance travelled in a specific direction using a distance-time graph

A

the total area under the graph

41
Q

how to find the distance travelled ina. NON CONSTANT velocity-time graph

A

counting the number of squares (estimate how many there are) then multiply by area of square

42
Q

when an object falls towards the surface of earth it initially accelerates at what speed?

A

9.8m/s ^2 due to the force of gravity acting on the object

43
Q

why may an object have a lower terminal velocity?

A

if they experience a greater force of friction due to their shape

44
Q

whats newtons first law of motion

A

if the resultant force acting on a stationary object is zero, the object will remain stationary,

if resultant force acting on a MOVING object is zero then the object will continue moving in the same direction and same speed ( & velocity)

45
Q

whats newtons second law of motion

A

the acceleration of an object is proportional to the resultant force acting on the object and inversely proportional to the mass of the object

46
Q

whats inertial mass

A

a measure of how difficult it is to change the velocity of an object ,, its the ratio of the force needed to accelerate an object over the acceleration produced

47
Q

an object w/ a large inertial mass will require ______

A

a larger force to produce a given acceleration than an object w/ a smaller inertial mass

48
Q

whats newtons third law

A

when two objects react, the forces they exert are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction

49
Q

describe the forces acting on a skydiver as he jumps

A

after jumping the only force is weight due to gravity,, this doesn’t change throughout the journey,, bc of this weight, the skydiver will experience a resultant force acting downwards so will accelerate. As they fall, they experience friction w air molecules (air resistance)… WEIGHT IS GREATER THAN AIR RESISTANCE SO SKYDIVER CONTINUES TO ACCELERATE, as skydivers velocity increases, the air resistance increases,, at a certain point air resistance = weight so theres no resultant force so velocity stays constant (terminal velocity is reached)

50
Q

describe the forces acting on a skydiver after they release their parachute

A

the surface area increases so the air resistance massively increases, air resistance is now greater than weight so theres a resultant force acting upwards causing deceleration ,, and decrease in air resistance,, asp the air resistance will = weight so velocity will stay constant so theyre falling at a lower terminal velocity

51
Q

what is the stopping distance

A

the total distance travelled from when the driver first spots the obstruction to when the car stops

52
Q

what is reaction time

A

the time taken for the driver to spot the obstruction, make a decision and then move their foot to the brake

52
Q

what is thinking distance

A

the distance ravelled by the car during the drivers reaction time

53
Q

what is braking distance

A

braking distance is the distance the car travels when the driver applies the brakes to when the car stops

54
Q

what can make reaction time + thinking distance longer

A

alcohol and drugs, tiredness, distractions eg a phone,

55
Q

what increases braking distance

A

wet/icy conditions reduce the friction between tyres and road,, worn tyres reduces friction between tyres and the road ,, worn brakes

56
Q

what energy changes happen when a car brakes

A

the kinetic energy is converted into other forms of energy

57
Q

how does energy change happen when a car brakes

A

the brake presses against the wheel, the force of friction between the brake and wheel causes kinetic energy to convert to thermal energy causing temp of the brakes to increase,,,, car then slows as it loses kinetic energy

58
Q

if a car is travelling v fast what does the driver need to apply?

A

v large braking force which causes car to decelerate rapidly

59
Q

how does energy change happen when a car brakes with very large braking force ?

A

the large amount of kinetic energy is transferred to thermal energy causing brakes to overheat and lost control of the car

60
Q

what is the conservation of momentum

A

in a closed system, the total momentum before an event is equal to the total momentum after an event

61
Q

why would a collision between a moving and non moving car cause both cars to move forward at a lower velocity?

A

the total momentum of the van and the car together is the same as the initial momentum of the van itself

62
Q

how does shooting a cannonball display the conservation of momentum?

A

the momentum before firing and the momentum after firing is zero

63
Q

what do car manufacturers use crash tests for?

A

to design safety features such as seat belts

64
Q

what happens to momentum during a crash test

A

the momentum of the passengers falls from a large amount to zero in less than a second placing huge forces on the passengers that can be lethal

65
Q

why are safety devices put in place?

A

to reduce momentum change ie reducing force and risk of serious injury

GCSE Physics <3 (13 decks)

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