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GCSE Physics <3 > Topic 1 – Energy fundamentals > Flashcards

Topic 1 – Energy fundamentals Flashcards

1
Q

what is kinetic energy

how much kinetic energy does a stationary object have?

A

energy stored in moving objects

none

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2
Q

whats the equation for kinetic energy

A

kinetic energy = 0.5 x mass x speed^2

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3
Q

what is elastic potential energy

A

when we stretch a spring were applying a force to change its length (doing work) we are putting in energy to stretch the spring, the stored energy is elastic potential energy

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4
Q

whats the equation for elastic potential energy (g)

A

elastic potential energy = 0.5 x spring constant x extension^2

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5
Q

what happens to a graph if you overstretch a spring

A

graph won’t be directly proportional as springs been stretched beyond limit of proportionality

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6
Q

extension must always be in:

A

metres

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7
Q

what is gravitational potential energy

A

the energy stored in an object due to its position above the earths surface

this is due to gravity acting on an object

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8
Q

how to calculate gravitational potential energy

A

gpe = mass x grav field strength x height

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9
Q

whats thermal energy

A

the energy stored due to an objects temperature

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10
Q

whats the law of conservation of energy

A

energy can be transferred usefully, stored or dissipated but it cannot be created or destroyed

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11
Q

whats a system

A

an object or group of objects

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12
Q

in a CLOSED system energy_____

A

cannot enter or leave

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13
Q

what are the energy transfers in a pendulum?

A

mass has maximum GPE, then its transferred to KE , then mass has maximum KE at bottom (mid swing) then its transferred back to GPE where it has max GPE one more

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14
Q

whats an issue with the pendulum example?

A

does not consider friction

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15
Q

what does friction cause (in terms of energy transfer)

A

causes energy to be transferred to thermal energy

energy has been dissipated as thermal energy is less useful

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16
Q

where is friction on the pendulum?

A

friction on the fixed point

friction as the pendulum pass through the air particles

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17
Q

what does friction cause the pendulum to do

A

gradually swing with less energy and eventually stop

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18
Q

how can we reduce unwanted energy transfers in a pendulum

A

remove friction by:

using a lubricant on fixed point

removing air particles from around pendulum

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19
Q

what are the energy changes in a bungee jumper

A

GPE at start,,, energy is transferred to KE as man falls.
KE store is at it max when rope JUST starts to tighten, KE store of fully extended rope is 0 (JUMPERS NOT MOVING)
all energy is transferred to elastic potential energy
ElP —> KE as rope coils
KE—-> GPE during ascent
at top, all is GPE

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20
Q

why will bungee jumper never return back to his original position?

A

energy is dissipated as thermal energy

(friction w air particles & stretching effects of bungee rope which arent fully elastic)

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21
Q

what is work done

A

when energy is transferred from one store to another

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22
Q

what does mechanical work involve

A

using a force to move an object

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23
Q

whats electrical work

A

a current transferring energy

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24
Q

whats the equation for work done?

A

work done (J) = force x distance (m)

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25
what is power
the rate at which energy is transferred or at which work is done
26
what are the equations for power (W)
energy transferred (J) / time (s) or work done (J) / time (s)
27
1 watt is the same as____
1 J per second
28
whats the equation for effienciency
useful energy output / total energy output or useful power output/ total power INPUT
29
whys kettle more effiecnt then heating water in pan
the heating element is inside so less thermal energy lost to the environment made of plastic which is not a good conductor so less thermal energy is lost
30
higher thermal conductivity means what
there will be a higher rate of energy transfer by conduction across the material
31
what are the two layers in modern houses
external brick and internal breezeblock between walls is cavity
32
how do builders correct the high thermal conductivity of homes?
pack cavity with insulating material which has low thermal conductivity
33
why do houses have double glazed windows
they have a low thermal conductivity (so less thermal energy passes through and leaves houses interior)
34
other than using materials w low thermal conductivity, how else can we reduce thermal energy transfer?
build house w thick walls
34
required practical: specific heat capacity (describe it)
place a beaker on a balance and press 0 add oil to the beaker and record the mass of the oil place a thermometer and an immersion heater into the oil read the starting temp. wrap the beaker in insulating foam to reduce thermal energy transfer to the surroundings connect the joulemeter to the immersion heater time for thirty minutes read total n.o of joules that passed into immersion heater read final temp of oil
35
how to stop thermal energy passing out of the beaker into the air
use an insulator with a lower thermal conductivity
36
how to prevent not all thermal energy passing into oil (SH practical)
ensure that immersion heater is fully submerged
37
how to prevent incorrect reading of thermometer
use an electronic temperature probe
38
how to prevent thermal energy not being spread through the oil
stir the oil
39
how to do the thermal insulators practical (2) RP
place small beaker inside a large beaker use kettle to boil some water transfer 80cm^3 into a small beaker use cardboard as a lid for large beaker (w hole for thermometer) bulb of thermometer must be in the hot water record start temp w a stopwatch record temp every 3 mins for 15 minutes repeat experiment using same vol of hot water but different insulating material use same mass of insulating materials
40
whats the curve called in a temperature/time graph
cooling curves
41
the water will cool down _______ with the most effective insulating material
most slowly
42
describe practical to test wether thickness of material effects insulation
start w beaker containing 80cm^3 of hot water (lid + thermometer) measure temp of water every 3 minutes for fifteen minutes repeat the experiment but wrap 2 layers of newspaper around the beaker repeat using 4 layers and 6 layers
43
the more layers of newspaper, the_____ the water cools why?
slower more layers is a more effective thermal insulator than a few layers
44
what are three examples of uses of energy
transport, generating electricity , heating
45
what are the 3 main fossil fuels
coal, oil, gas
46
whats the advantages of fossil fuels
fossil fuels are reliable, always provides energy when we need it release a great deal of energy fossil fuels are abundant and relatively cheap extremely versatile (v portable)
47
what are the disadvantages of fossil fuels
releases a huge amount of carbon dioxide they're non-renewable as they're not being replenished can release other pollutants
48
whats the disadvantages of nuclear power
nuclear power is non-renewable, they run on uranium and plutonium contains highly dangerous radioactive materials. if there's an accident they could be released to the environment. decommissioning a power plant takes many years and is extremely expensive nuclear power plants generate a large amount of highly dangerous radioactive waste. this must be stored for thousands of years before its safe
49
whats the advantages of nuclear power
once running it releases NO carbon dioxide so doesn't contribute to climate change its v reliable. It generates lots of electricity exactly when we want it
50
The uk has _______ of coal. Up until 1950s almost ____________ generated by Uk came from _______
abundant reserved of coal all of the electricity burning coal
51
coal and coal gas were also used for almost all ____ and cooking in the UK
heating
52
in the 1950s, nuclear power came online and by the 1980s this produces around ____ of the uks electricty
20%
53
in the 1970's the Uk became a big producer of what? this began to replace ____
oil and gas coal for electricity generation
54
what are the advantages of burning gas over coal?
generates less carbon dioxide than burning coal, this contributes less to climate change gas-fired power stations are flexible, they have a short start up time whereas coal fired power stations have a long start up time
55
what does a short start up time mean
they can be switched on quickly during periods of high demand
56
what was an economic factor of using fossil fuels
v cheap, switching from them could cost money and cost jobs
57
in 2005, the Kyoto Protocol committed countries to____
reducing greenhouse gas emissions
58
why is nuclear power ideal
we need a baseload (a constant supply of electricity that's on all the time)
59
what can we use gas-fired power stations to provide what
emergency power in times of peak demand
60
what types of gas provide what in Uk energy
renewables provide the bulk of our electricity , nuclear provides a baseload and gas provides electricity during periods of peak demand
61
what is a renewable energy resource
a resource that is being or can be replenished as its used
62
name the types of renewable energy
wind, solar, hydroelectric, tidal, biofules, geothermal, wave.
63
what are the advantages of renewable energy
will never run out do not add CO2 to the atmosphere so don't contribute to climate change
64
whats the disadvantage of wind and solar power
not reliable, some days are not windy/ sunny
65
whats the advantage of hydroelectric whats the disadvantage
v reliable habitats are destroyed when dams are built and valleys are flooded also only useful in countries w lots of rivers so not suitable for uk
66
whats the advantage of tidal power whats the disadvantage
its extremely reliable (atm the uk doesn't generate any electricity from it) may be harmful to wildlife
67
whats the advantage of wave power whats the disadvantage
wave power is reliable and has huge potential in the UK which has an extensive coastline its v small scale and experimental atm
68
what is geothermal energy
geothermal energy uses heat from the earth to generate electricity and heat buildings
69
whats the advantage of geothermal whats the disadvantage
v reliable not used much in the UK
70
what are biofuels produced from
plant materials
71
whats the advantages of biofuels whats the disadvantage
don't add EXTRA carbon dioxide to the atmosphere so are carbon neutral & potentially v useful as we can use them to power vehicles such as cars and buses. if we use land to grow crops for fuel, that could push up the price of food

GCSE Physics <3 (15 decks)

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