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year 1 flash cards > TOPIC 5 - embryology > Flashcards

TOPIC 5 - embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Acrosome reaction

A

Release of enzymes from the acrosome on the head of sperm that assists in penetration of the Zona Pellucida

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2
Q

Allantois

A

Waste storage organ - connected to the developing fetal bladder

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3
Q

Amnion

A

Membrane derived from epiblast that surrounds the fluid-filled amniotic cavity. Fluid cushions the fetus and assists with dilation of the cervix during labour

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4
Q

Anancephaly

A

Congenital malformation in which the anterior neuropore fails to close
- leads to failure of formation of higher brain centres: cognition (thinking), memory, speech, vision and hearing.
- cerebral hemispheres/forebrain fail to form
but A brainstem is present - basic systems so heart and lungs and some reflexes formed

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5
Q

Anterior neuropore

A

Cranial opening of the neural tube (closes by day 25)

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6
Q

Azoospermia

A

Male’s semen contains no mature spermatozoa

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7
Q

Bilaminar disc

A

Stage in week 2 of development (DAY 7)when the inner cell mass/ embryoblasts differentiate into a layer of epiblasts and hypoblasts
establishes dorsal and venteral axis of embryo

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8
Q

Blastocyst

A

Stage of embryogenesis at the time of implantation where the outer trophoblast cells from a fluid-filled sphere with a small group of embryoblast cells (ICM) at one pole

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9
Q

Blastomeres

A

Cells formed by cleavage of a fertilised ovum

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10
Q

Capacitation

A

A period of sperm conditioning in the female reproductive tract, lasting about 7 hours - secretions from female reproductive = prepares head of sperm to be able to fertilise oocyte

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11
Q

Caudal

A

Towards the tail

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12
Q

Chorionic cavity

A

Space formed between the extraembryonic mesoderm lining the cytotrophoblast and surrounding the yolk sac and embryo. Will eventually be obliterated by expansion of amniotic cavity and fusion of amnion with chorion

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13
Q

Chromosomal

A

DNA molecule with some/all genetic material of an organism

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14
Q

Cleavage

A

Division of cells in the early embryo

np change in size zygote= more cells but they are smaller

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15
Q

Cloacal membrane

A

Membrane at the caudal end formed by adhesion between epiblast and hypoblast cells. Later covers the cloaca, a chamber where the gut and urinary system drain into before the chamber is segregated

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16
Q

Connecting stalk

A

Extraembryonic mesoderm that connects the embryo to the placenta - contains the allantois and will be incorporated into the umbilical cord along with the vitelline duct and yolk sac

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17
Q

Corona radiata

A

Innermost layer of cummulus oophorus, adjacent to the zona pellucida

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18
Q

Cortical reaction

A

Occurs after fertilisation, cortical granules release calcium very quickly and make zygote impermeable to any more sperm - prevent polyspermy

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19
Q

Cranial

A

Towards the head

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20
Q

Cumulus oophorus

A

Collection of cells that surround the oocyte

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21
Q

Cytotrophoblast

A

Proliferative inner layer of the trophoblast

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22
Q

Definitive yolk sac

A

One of the three embryonic cavities formed by migration of hypoblast cells around the blastocyst cavity to form the primary yolk sac. The primary yolk sac is pinched off and degenerates. A second wave of hypoblast migration produces a new membrane and the definitive yolk sac

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23
Q

Dermatome

A

Area of the somite that forms the dermis of the skin of the back

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24
Q

Dextrocardia

A

Rare condition in which the apex of the heart points to the right

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25
Q

Dorsal

A

Towards the back

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26
Q

Ectoderm

A

The most external germ layer formed during gastrulation. Goes onto form CNS and skin

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27
Q

Ectopic

A

In an abnormal place or position

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28
Q

Ectopia cordis

A

Ventral body wall defect - heart lies outside of the thoracic cavity
lateral folds fail fuse in thoratic region

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29
Q

Embryoblast

A

Cells that form the inner cell mass, goes onto form embryo (hypoblast and epiblast cells)

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30
Q

Endoderm

A

Most internal layer of germ layers formed during gastrulation - forms most organs

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31
Q

Epiblast

A

Dorsal (top) layer of cells in the bilaminar disc during second week of development - all tissues of the embryo are derived from the epiblast

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32
Q

Extraembryonic mesoderm

A

Layer formed by the hypoblast/primary yolk sac. Surrounds the developing embryo and forms the connecting stalk. Chorionic cavity also forms from this layer.
forms day 11

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33
Q

Fertilisation

A

Fusion of male and female gametes

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34
Q

Gastrulation

A

Process that forms the three germ layers by migration of epiblast cells through the primitive streak. Formation of primitive streak = start of it
hypoblast cells soon replaced by epiblast

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35
Q

Gametes

A

Haploid cells that has undergone meiosis (sex cell)

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36
Q

Gametogenesis

A

Formation of sex cells

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37
Q

Gastroschisis

A

Ventral body wall defect caused by failure of lateral walls to form/fuse in abdominal region - intestines reside outside of the abdominal cavity

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38
Q

Germ layers

A

Three basic cell layers formed during gastrulation (endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm)

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39
Q

Gestation

A

Process of development within the uterus

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40
Q

Hydatidiform mole

A

Trophoblast forms placental tissue but with no embryo
only presence of paternal genetic info
NB: HCG still present= + test

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41
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

Build up of cerebral spinal fluid on the brain

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42
Q

Hypoblast

A

Ventral layer of the bilaminar disc - contributes to formation of the yolk sac and extraembryonic mesoderm but not to tissues of the embryo

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43
Q

Inner cell mass

A

Cluster of cells segregated to one pole of the blastocyst and from which the embryo develops

44
Q

Intermediate mesoderm

A

Area of mesoderm between paraxial and lateral plate mesoderm - forms much of the urogenital system: gonads, internal reproductive tracts, kidneys

45
Q

Lateral plate mesoderm

A

lines all body cavities
Area of mesoderm that splits into parietal layer that surrounds the body wall and a visceral layer that surrounds the organs

46
Q

Lithopaedian

A

Stone baby - foetus dies during ectopic pregnancy but can’t be absorbed by body so is calcified instead

47
Q

Meiosis

A

Cell division to produce haploid cells

48
Q

Meningeocele

A

Failure of the vertebral arch to form correctly, gap in vertebra (spina bifida) with meninges protruding the gap

49
Q

Mesoderm

A

Middle germ layer formed during gastrulation. gets organised further into paraxial, intermediate and lateral plate mesoderm. Skin, blood vessels, muscle and bone

50
Q

Microcephaly

A

Brain fails to form properly resulting in a head with a very small circumfrence

51
Q

Morula

A

Cleavage of the developing zygote to form a ball of 16-32 cells. Inner cell mass and outer cell mass

52
Q

Myelomeningeocele

A

Neural tube defect, failure of vertebral arches to form= gap in vertebra - protrusion of meninges and spinal cord

53
Q

Myotome

A

Muscle forming region of a somite

54
Q

Neural crest cells

A

Cells of the neuroepithelium that form the edges of the neural folds - migrate to form numerous different structures around the body

Migrate laterally and ventrally= dispersing widely= sometimes known 4th germ layer

55
Q

Neural tube

A

Result of neurulation, once the neural folds fuse the tube separates from the overlying ectoderm

56
Q

Neurulation

A

Process to form neural tube

  • thickening of ectoderm overlying the notochord to form neuroectoderm and the neural plate
  • elevation of neural plate to form neural folds
  • neural folds fuse fro cranial to caudal end to form neural tube
  • tube separates from ectoderm
57
Q

Notochord

A

An extended column of cells in the midline that forms as the primitive streak regresses. Induces neurulation and the sclerotome to vertabrae
formed from notochordal process

58
Q

Oropharyngeal membrane

A

Membrane formed at the cranial end of the embryonic disc by adhesion of epiblast and hypoblast cells. Goes on to cover the opening of the oral cavity and pharynx

59
Q

Outer cell mass

A

Cells that surround the blastocyst cavity and cover the inner cell mass and that will form the trophoblast

60
Q

Oligospermia

A

Deficiency of spermatazoa

61
Q

Paraxial mesoderm

A

Mesoderm tissue next to the midline, responsible for forming the somites (divides into these blocks)
forms majority of skeleton, skeletal muscle and dermis of skin

62
Q

Parietal mesoderm

A

Mesoderm that is concerned with the body wall (formed from splitting of the lateral plate mesoderm into parietal and visceral (splanchnic layers)

63
Q

Posterior neuropore

A

Caudal opening of the neural tube. Closes by day 28

64
Q

Primary yolk sac

A

Formed by migration of hypoblast cells around the blastocyst cavity. It is a transient structure replaced by the definitive yolk sac

65
Q

Primitive streak

A

A groove formed on the dorsal aspect of the embryo in the epiblast. Appears at causal end of bilaminar disc and marks beginning of gastrulation. Epiblast cells migrate through the primitive streak to form the three germ layers

66
Q

Pronuclei

A

Either of a pair of gametic nuclei after fertilisation but before fusion leads to formation of the nucleus of the zygote

67
Q

Rachischisis

A

Failure of the posterior neuropore to close. As a result the tube does not separate from the surface ectoderm and the neural tissue is exposed to the external environment. Leads to motor and sensory deficits and an increased risk of infection and paralysis

68
Q

Sacrococcygeal terratoma

A

Formed by excessive formation of mesoderm because of increased number of epiblast cells migrating through the primitive streak. Caused by persistent primitive streak

69
Q

Sclerotome

A

Area of the somite that forms vertabrae

sclerotome cells surround notochord to from vertebral body + surround neural tube = from vertebral arch

70
Q

Sirenomelia

A

Mermaid syndrome - insufficient formation of mesoderm in the caudal region due to lack of epiblast cells migrating through the primitive streak - premature regression of streak

71
Q

Situs inversus

A
  • Left and right side of body switched around
  • due to problems with formation of axis
  • syndrome which affects ciliary cells
  • complete sinus inversus= harmless
  • Partial situs inversus – some organs swapped - reversal of chambers but vessels don’t follow
72
Q

Somite

A

Derived from paraxial mesoderm that organises to form segmental blocks either side of the neural tube. Differentiates into sclerotome, myotome and dermatome

73
Q

Spina bifida

A

Neural tube defect that involves incomplete formation of the vertebral arches (occulta) and maybe the meninges (meningeocele) or neural tissue (mylomeningeocele)

74
Q

Splanchnic (visceral) mesoderm

A

Mesoderm that is concerned with lining the outside of the gut and its derivitives. Formed from splitting of the lateral plate mesoderm into parietal and visceral

75
Q

Syncytiotrophoblast

A

Outer multinucleated layer of the trophoblast that serves to invade the endometrium of the uterus

  • secrete enzymes
  • allow disc bind uterine linning
76
Q

Teratogen

A

Factor that causes a birth defect,eg:

  • infections
  • chemical(drugs)/physical (radiaiton) damage
  • deficiency
  • maternal disease (diabetes)
77
Q

Trisomy 21

A 
Downs syndrome - three copies of chromosome 21
causes:
intellectual retardation
craniofacial abnormalities: flat nose
heart defects: hole in heart
78
Q

Trophoblast

A

Outer layer of blastocyst. Important in development of support structures for implantation of nourishment of embryo. Differentiate into cytotrophoblast and syncitiotrophoblast

79
Q

Trophoblastic Lacuna

A

Irregular spaces within syncitiotrophoblast that merge together, maternal blood flows into the lacuna when the syncitiotrophoblasts have established a uteroplacental circulation

80
Q

Ventral

A

Towards the front

81
Q

Vitelline duct

A

Connection between the yolk sac and the developing midgut

82
Q

Zona Pellucida

A

Specialised layer surrounding the plasma membrane of the ovum

83
Q

Zygote

A

First structure formed after fertilisation by fusion of a sperm and ovum

84
Q

what does TORCH stand for

A 
all infections that may cause birth defects
MUST CROSS PLACENTA
- toxoplasmosis
-Other (hepatitis B, Syphilis)
- Rubella (German measles)
- Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
- Herpes simplex virus (HSV)
85
Q

what is toxoplasmosis

A
  • parasite
  • found in cat faeces, raw/undercooked meat]
  • carriers asymptomatic
86
Q

Congenital Malformations of toxoplasmosis

A
  • Inflammation of retina and eye/micropthalmia
  • Hearing loss
  • Enlarged Liver Spleen
  • Hydrocephaly
  • Microcephaly
87
Q

Congenital Malformations of Rubella

A

Cloudy Cornea
Intellectual disability
Microcephaly
Heart Defects

88
Q

what is Cytomegalovirus

A

Virus that crosses the placenta
Infection via bodily fluids
Usually asymptomatic

89
Q

Congenital Malformations of Cytomegalovirus

A
  • Inflammation of retina/micropthalmia
  • Enlarged spleen or liver
  • Mineral deposits on the brain- calcium deposits
  • Microcephaly
  • Psychomotor retardation – problems with development
90
Q

what is Herpes virus

A
  • type 2 = gentile herpes
    •Passed to baby during vaginal brith
    •Varicella zoster virus – Chickenpox- another strain of herpes
91
Q

Congenital Malformations of herpes virus

A
  • Segmental skinloss/ scarring
  • Limb hypoplasia/paresis
  • Microcephaly
  • Visual defects
92
Q

what is zika virus

A
  • Mosquito
  • Bodily fluids
  • Fever, rash, joint pain, red eyes
93
Q

Congenital Malformations of zika virus

A
  • Microcephaly

* Severe cognitive disabilities

94
Q

congenital malformations of Foetal alcohol syndrome

A

• Small eye openings
• Thin upper lip
Associated with:
• prenatal and postnatal growth retardation
• intellectual disability
• Impaired motor ability and coordination

95
Q

physical damage: what does Radiation do to feotus

A
  • Causes cell death or chromosome changes

* CNS most sensitive in the first trimester

96
Q

Congenital Malformations of radiation

A
  • Microcephaly
  • Mental and cognitive disabilities
  • Haemopoietic malignancies and leukemia
97
Q

Maternal disease - Diabetes Mellitus congenital malformations

A
  • Macrosomia- enlarged baby
  • Ventricular Septal Defects- hole in heart
  • Spina bifida
  • Renal agenesis- absence of one or both kidneys
98
Q

Amniotic cavity

A

small fluid filled cavity in epiblast layer

devlopes day 8

99
Q

what day does the full implantation happen

A

day 9

- migration of hypoblast cells to from 1’ yolk sac

100
Q

what day does the uteroplacental circulation happen

A

days 10-11
syncititrophoblasts erode walls maternal capillaries - establish uteroplacental circulation
causes small bleeding

101
Q

placenta previa

A

abnormal implantation
placenta covering birthing canal= baby pushing down blood vessels
= ruptures
= severe bleeding

102
Q

tubal implantation

A
  • ectopic pregnancy in uterine tube
  • uterine tube cannot support embryo= dies
    can rupture tube = haemorrhage = severe bleeding
  • can make future pregnancy difficult
103
Q

notochordal process

A

notochordal process transiently fuses with endoderm = notochordal plate
then separates from endoderm and fuses to from solid notochord

104
Q

neurofibromatosis?

A
  • genetic condition
  • mutation in NF1 gene
  • problems with neuro crest cells
  • NF1 usually suppressor gene stops proliferation
  • here NF1 ‘off’= increased cell division = benign tumours of CNS
105
Q

which 2 ways does an embryo fold

A

1- craniocaudal folding: head to tail-‘C’ shape

2- lateral folding: 2 outer edges fuse towards midline

106
Q

how does lateral folding occur

A

lateral edges fuse into midline:
amniotic cavity expand faster than 1’ yolk sac
amniotic cavity pushes down fusing the lateral edges

107
Q

does the midgut fuse in the midline via lateral folding?

A

NO
gut fuses everywhere but midgut
forms belly button
gut tube continuous with yolk sac via the vitelline duct

year 1 flash cards (23 decks)

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