Topic 5 Bio Flashcards
Where does cellular respiration take place
Glycolysis occurs anywhere
Krebs cycle is in the mitochondria matrix
Cristae of the mitochondria have the stalked enzymes for ATP synthesis
Stages of glycolysis
- ATP is used to phosphorylate glucose, adding phosphate groups
- Split into 3 carbon sugar, GP.
- GP is converted to pyruvate. NAD is reduced and ATP is formed.
How does anaerobic respiring work
PyruvIate doesn’t go to Krebs cycle.
Pyruvate is converted to lactic acid which forms lactate and hydrogen ions and ATP is released
Describe the Link Reaction
Pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA whilst NAD is reduced
Krebs cycle describe
Acetyl CoA and 4 Carbon compound form citrate (6C).
This then releases C02 and NAD is reduced again to form 5C acid.
Released C02. 2x NAD reduction. 1x FAD reduction. Gives off ATP and forms 4C acid.
Electron transport chain describe
Reduced NAD and FAD go through oxidative phosphorylation to make ATP.
Oxygen is final hydrogen acceptor to form water.
Chemiosmotic theory suggests H+ ions are passed into the space between inner and outer membrane using the energy made from ETC. Can only come back in through special pores with ATPase enzyme on them. This drives the synthesis of ATP.
Structure of chloroplast
Thylakoids are where chlorophyll is found. Granum are stacks of thylakoids. Lamellae join the grana. Stroma is the matrix around and is where photosynthesis occurs.
How does photosynthesis work at a general level
Light dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid whilst light independent reactions (Calvin cycle) occur constantly after.
Describe the light dependent stage of photosynthesis
NO DETAIL ABOUT BOTH OPTIONS
Splitting of water in photochemical reaction and production of ATP.
Photon hits the chlorophyll molecule and excites and electron to the point of exiting. This is then picked up by electron carrier and does cyclic or non cyclic photophosphorylation.
What is cyclic phosphorylation
Photosystem 1 and drives production of ATP. Electron is passed along ETC to produce ATP and returned to chlorophyll molecule in photosystem 1.
What is non-cyclic phosphorylation
Photosystem 1 and 2. Water molecules are split which provides hydrogen ions to reduce NADP.
Photosystem 2 electron is picked up by electron acceptor and goes down ETC (1 ATP made) to photosystem 1.
PS 2 chlorophyll now unstable so photolysis, splitting of water, occurs.
PS1 electron is lost to acceptor. carried down ETC then reduces NADP with a hydrogen.
NADP and ATP go onto Calvin.
Hydroxide ions left react to form water and oxygen which releases more electrons.
Describe light independent stage
Calvin cycle. CO2 from the air combines with RuBP in the presence of RUBISCO to form a 6C compound that immediately splits to give two molecules of GP. GP is reduced using ATP to form GALP. Some GALP is removed from the cycle and used to produce glucose.
Where does anaerobic respiration occur
In the cytoplasm
What happens in anaerobic respiration
Pyruvate from glycolysis is converted to lactic acid, forming lactate and H+ ions.
anaerobic ATP production compared other aerobic
Only two molecules ATP produced compared to eight when into Krebs cycle
How does lactate affect muscle contraction
Muscle tissue becomes acidic. This affects the nervous system which prevents muscle contractions in order to protect the body.
What happens to lactate after excercise
Goes to liver where it forms pyruvate and then glucose
Anaerobic respiration in plants
Yeast: Glucose -> ethanol + CO2.
Draw out to make sure I know
What is the absorption spectra
The range of light a pigment can absorb
What is an action spectra
The rate of photosynthesis at different wavelengths of light
Why do plants have a variety of photosynthetic pigments
To make a much larger range of wavelengths of light available to plants to use
Structure of the chloroplast
Stroma - ATP is used to convert CO2 to glucose
Envelope - Contains inner and outer membrane
Thlyakoid - Where chlorophyll captures energy
Granum - stack of thylakoids
Lamellae - extensions of thylakoid membranes that connect the grant
What does GALP produce
Monosaccarides, amino acids, replacement RuBP, glucose
