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Interview Prep > Topic 2 Bio > Flashcards

Topic 2 Bio Flashcards

1
Q

Light vs electron microscope

A

Light has lower magnification and resolution
Electron is better for dead things and have very small wavelength

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2
Q

Two types of electron micrographs

A

Transmission electron micrographs are 2D
Scanning electron micrographs are 3D but have a lower magnification

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3
Q

What does a simple phospholipid bilayer allow through with nothing else

A

Only some fat soluble organic molecules

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4
Q

What determines how freely the proteins float in a membrane (fluid mosaic model)

A

More unsaturated fats mean membrane is more fluid

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5
Q

What is a gated channel

A

When a channel formed by a protein can be open or shut depending on cell conditions

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6
Q

What is a vesicle

A

A membrane bag that holds secretions made in cells

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7
Q

What is the protoplasm

A

Everything inside cell membrane

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8
Q

What is chromatin

A

mixture of DNA and proteins that form the chromosomes

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9
Q

What is nucleolus

A

Extra dense area of nucleus with only DNA and protein

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10
Q

Mitochondria structure and function

A

Site of respiration. Has an inner and outer membrane. Inner is folded to form cristae to give it a large SA. This has a fluid matrix inside.

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11
Q

What is the endosymbiotic theory of evolution of eukaryotic cells

A

Some cell organelles have their own DNA and over years have become part of a cell but were alone before

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12
Q

What is a centriole

A

A bundle of tubules which are used in cell division. They form the spindle fibres

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13
Q

What is the cytoskeleton and its function

A

A feature of all eukaryotic cells. A dynamic, structure that fills the cytoplasm made up of microfilaments and microtubules.
Keeps things in place, cell movement and transport in cells

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14
Q

What are cytoskeleton tubules mainly made of

A

Globular protein tubulin

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15
Q

What is a vacuole in an animal cell and what is a specific type

A

A contractile vacuole is important as they allow water content. Never permanent but can form.

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16
Q

What is endoplasmic reticulum as a whole

A

A network spread through the cytoplasm.
the site of synthesis for many chemicals

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17
Q

80s vs 70s ribosomes

A

Both can be present in eukaryotic cells. 70s are found in the mitochondria and chloroplasts so evidence they were independent. Have different rations of RNA to protein
70s are also found in prokaryotes with same job

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18
Q

What is the rough ER

A

Covered in 80s ribosomes. Makes proteins and then isolates + transports them. Has a very large SA.

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19
Q

What is the smooth ER

A

Involved in synthesis and transport of steroids and lipids

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20
Q

What does it look like and what is the Golgi apparatus

A

Made up of stacks of cisternae, formed by vesicles from endoplasmic reticulum fusing together.
Modifies and packages proteins pinched from RER

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21
Q

What is a lysosome and what does it look like

A

Dark, spherical bodies in the cytoplasm containing a mix of digestive enzymes

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22
Q

What is the process of lysosome destructiomn

A

Apoptosis. Lysosome ruptures to release cell content

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23
Q

Describe the plant cell wall and what it does, is made up of,

A

Gives the plant structure. made of insoluble cellulose. Is not a barrier for things getting in/out. Has middle lamella made of pectin, which combines with calcium ions to form strong calcium pectate which binds with cellulose to form cellulose microfibrils. Hemicellulose hardens it more.

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24
Q

How does the cell wall change

A

Can be inpregnated with Suberin in cork or lignin to make wood. Becomes a barrier

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25
Q

What is the plasmodesmata and what is the interconnected cytoplasm called

A

A cytoplasmic bridge that allows communication and transport of substances between cells. Symplast exists between cells.

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26
Q

What is the Permanent Vacuole in plants

A

In non woody plant cells it is a permanent structure surrounded by the tonoplast membrane. Filled with CELL SAP which brings water in by osmosis. Keeps the cell turgid. Used for storage of proteins, pigments, waste products

27
Q

Describe choloplasts

A

Site of photosynthesis. Have outer membrane, inner membrane that is folded. Contain chlorophyll.

28
Q

What is an amyloplast

A

Colorless organelle that stores starch

29
Q

What is the order of organisation of cells

A

Cells - tissues - organs - organ systems

30
Q

How many main tissue types are there in the body and name them

A

Four. Epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous

31
Q

Difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

A

EUKARYOTES HAVE NUCLEUS

32
Q

Describe the bacterial cell wall and its job

A

Cell wall prevents cell swelling due to lower water potential inside. has peptidoglycan layer. Maintains shape and protection.

33
Q

What is the capsule of a bacteria

A

A thin layer that protects the bacteria against phagocytosis. Covers the cell markers that are used to identify it.

34
Q

What are pilli and major disadvantage

A

Thread like protein projections that are used for movement, attatchment to host and sexual reproduction.
Make bacteria succeptible to bacteriophage.

35
Q

What are flagellum

A

Tail like and is used for movement

36
Q

Differences between cell membrane in prokaryote and eukaryote

A

Cell membrane is site of respiratory enzymes because of no mitochondria. Some bacterial cells have infolds called mesosomes.

37
Q

what is a mesosome

A

infold in bacertia wall with debated function.

38
Q

Describe the DNA of a prokaryotic cell

A

Small circles of DNA called plasmids only code for specific part and can reproduce independently.
Nucleoid contains the single length of DNA.

39
Q

2 Types of bacteria: differences

A

Gram positive has one plasma membrane, thick outer peptidoglycan layer with teichoic acid and surface proteins
Gram negative has two plasma membranes and thin peptidoglycan layer. Has lipopolysaccharides and outer membrane proteins

40
Q

Different types of bacteria by shape ( 4 types ) how to spot

A

Cocci - Spherical
Baccili - rod shapes
Spirilla - Twisted
Vibrios - Comma shaped

41
Q

How to class bacteria by respiratory requirements

A

Obligate aerobes need oxygen
Facultative anaerobes only use when available
Obligate anaerobic can only respire without oxygen

42
Q

What is a virus (most scientists define)

A

obligate intracellular parasite that only exists and reproduces in the cells of other living organisms

43
Q

Describe the viral protein coat

A

A capsid made of simple repeating protein units called capsomeres.

44
Q

How to classify viruses by their genome and mode of replication.

A

DNA Virus
RNA Virus
RNA Retrovirus

45
Q

What is a DNA virus and examples

A

Virus with DNA as genetic material used directly as a template for new viral DNA and mRNA used to synthesise proteins.
Smallpox, adenovirus and lambda phage

46
Q

What is a RNA virus, the two types and examples

A

Positive ssRNA virus have RNA that acts as mRNA and is immediately translated by the ribosomes.
Tobacco mosaic, polio
Negative ssRNA has RNA that isn’t directly translated so much be transcribed first.
Measles, influenza, ebola

47
Q

What is an RNA retrovirus and give examples.

A

Special type with protein capsid. Reverse transcriptase is used to make DNA molecules which is then incorporated into the host cell DNA and used as template.
HIV

48
Q

Use of lipid envelope for viruses

A

makes it easier for viruses to pass from cell to cell

49
Q

How do plant viruses commonly get into the plant cell

A

A vector such as an insect

50
Q

What are the 2 DNA virus replication pathways. State

A

Lysogenic and lytic.

51
Q

Describe the lysogenic pathway

A

Many DNA viruses are non-virulent when they first get into the host cell. They insert their DNA into the host DNA so it is replicated every time the host cell divides. This DNA inserted into the host is called a provirus. Messenger RNA is not produced from the viral DNA because one of the viral genes causes the production of a repressor protein that makes it impossible to translate the rest of the viral genetic material. The virus does not affect the host cell or make the host organism ill at this stage in the life cycle. During this period of lysogeny, when the virus is part of the reproducing host cells, the virus is said to be latent

52
Q

Lytic Pathway

A

Genetic material is replicated independent of host DNA immediately. Mature viruses are assembled and host cell will burt. The virus is virulent. Lysogenic state viruses are activated in certain ways

53
Q

RNA retrovirus replication process

A

Viral particles leave cell by exocytosis so host remains are a virus producing cell.

54
Q

How do antiviral drugs work

A

Cannot target virus particles themselves. 1. Target enzymes that help translate virus DNA or RNA
2. Target receptors viruses use to recognise cells
3. Inhibit production of new virus particles

55
Q

Stages of mitosis and what happens in each

A

Interphase - Cell increases in mass and size. DNA is replicated
Prophase - Chromosomes coil up, centrioles begin to move to opposite poles and form spindle fibres. Nucleus breaks down
Metaphase - Chromatids line up along the equator of the cell and spindle fibres attach
Anaphase - Spindle fibres contract and sister chromatids are pulled towards opposite poles
Telophase - Spindle fibres break down, nucleoli and centrioles reform. Chromosones unravel
Cytokinesis - Contractile ring tightens until cell divides in animal cell, in plant cell cellulose just builds up

56
Q

What do histones do and what do they help form

A

Pack DNA closely together in clusters known as nucleosomes

57
Q

Phases of interphase

A

G1 - Gap is when cell is assimilating material, growing and developing.
S - is when chromosomes replicate to become double stranded chromatids
G2 - time that organelles needed for cell division are synthesised

58
Q

How is cell division controlled

A

Small proteins called cyclins. Build up and attached to, cyclin depended kinases CDK’s which brings about the next step in the cell cycle through phosphorylation

59
Q

Different strategies of asexual reproduction

A

Producing spore - sporulation involving production of asexual spores that are capable of growing into new individuals.
Regeneration - When organisms replace lost body parts.
Fragmentation - Organsims reproducing themselves asexuals from fragments of their original body.
Producing buds - Budding is when a small new individual forms as part of parent organism
Vegetative propagation - Like budding but with runners, containing stored food and are very resistant.

60
Q

Differences between mitosis and meiosis

A

The two chromosomes of each pair stay close together and crossing over occurs (prophase 1).
Centromeres do not split in first meiosis so cell goes straight to mitosis 2.

61
Q

How does meiosis produce variation

A

Independent assortment - Different combinations in the assortment of the chromosomes as they line up along the centre means that some will be taken from mother some from father every time in different ratio
Crossing over - Similar sections of genetic material is exchanged between chromosomes forming new mutations

62
Q

Where does crossing over occur

A

At the chiasma, usually far from centromere

63
Q

Gametogenesis in animals

A

Spermatogenesis - Primordial germ cell divides by mitosis to form spermatogonia
Spermatogonia grow until they are spermatocytes
spermatocytes divide by meiosis to form spermatids
spermatids then differentiate to form spermatozoa

Oogenesis - Primordial germ cell divides by mitosis to form oogonia
One oogonia becomes the primary oocyte
oocyte does meiosis. only does second division after fertilisation

64
Q
A

Interview Prep (5 decks)

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