Topic 5 Flashcards
Language defention
Spoken, written, non-verbal communication
inflection, body language, tone
Language acquistion
The process of acquiring the capacity to perceive and comprehend language
Stages of language acquistion
1- babbling (6 months - 8 months)
2 - one word (9 months to 1.5yrs)
3 - two words ( 1.5-2yrs)
4 - early multiwords (2-2.5yrs)
5 - later multiwords (2.5 onwards)
Broca’s Area
In the left frontal lobe
articulates the speech
receives information from Weirnicke’s area and recodes it to send to the motor cortex
Wernicke’s Area
Located in left posterior temporal gyrus
comprehends words and gives meaning to them
Wernicke’s -geschwind model
Broca’s Area
Wernicke’s Area
Arcuate Fasiculus
Angular Gyrus
Steps for a spoken word
1 - goes to primary auditory complex
2 - Wernicke’s Area
3 - Arcuate Fasiculus
4 - Broca’s Area
5 - motor cortex
Steps for reading
1 - visual cortex
2- angular Gyrus
3 - wernicke’s area
4 - Arcuate Fasiculus
5 - broca’s area
Angular Gyrus
recodes visual information into if it was spoken information
ie - something is read - recodes it into if it was said
Issues with Wernicke’s model
Over simplified
doesn’t take into account any subcortical structures
Doesn’t take inot account compensation
lateralisation of the brain
Language is only processed by one area of the brain - usually the left side
Wada-test
Test to see which side of the brain is the dominant side
usually done before epileptic surgery
A barbiturate is injected into a carotid artery artery - temporarily anaesthetics one hemisphere
if injected in the left side and can no longer speak - the patient’s left side is dominant
Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area are located on the predominant side of the brain
Prosody
Damage to the non-dominant side
patient cant interpret or process emotional information in speech
Responsibilities of non-dominant side
Reading, underdstanding numbers, intonation
CANT SPEAK
Corpus Callostomy
When the corpus callostum is cut, seprating both sides of the brain
treats refractory epilepsy
If something is seen by the left eye - only the right side of the brain will see it
these people can’t name objects
Speech disorders
Lisp, stutter, anything to do with the muscles associated with speaking
Dysprosody
Changes to timing
Dysarthia
Weakness or paralysis of speech
Apaxia
Rearranging sounds in words
Echolalia
Compulsively repeating words said to the them
Anomia
Difficulty naming objects
Agraphia
inability to write
Alexia
inability to read
Agnosia
inability to recognise common objects
Non-fluent Aphaisa
Inability to speak but can usually comprehend
affects broca’s area
Fluent aphasia
Can speak fluently but can’t comprehend
Broca’s aphasia
Difficulty generating speech
comprehension is fine
damage to Broca’s area
Patient is aware of deficits
Can speak in telegraphic speech (using only contextual words)
have anomia (difficulty naming objects)
Transcortical Motor Aphasia
Least common
caused by damage to areas surrounding broca’s, Wernicke’s and accurate fasciculus
watershed region
cuts the areas off from the rest of the brain
severe speaking and comprehension issues
can only repeat what is spoken to them
Are UNAWARE
Global Aphasia
Associated with large lesions in parietal, temporal and frontal lobe
Lose all ability to speak and comprehend
CAN’T REPEAT WORDS
Wernicke’s Aphasia
Can talk but have very poor comprehension
paraphrasing errors
can’t repeat words said to them - because they have no idea what is being said to them
speech is mixed with actual words and gibberish
Are UNAWARE
Transcortical sensory aphaisa
Caused by damage to parietal, temporal and occipital lobe
remember Wernicke’s area is close to the occipital lobe
symptoms are close to Wernicke’s aphasia except they CAN REPEAT and tend to have echolalia
ARE UNAWARE
Conduction Aphasia
Caused by lesions on the Arcuate Facillucus
they have fluent speech and good comprehensino but they can’t repeat words spoken to them and cant name objects
are aware
Anomic Aphaisa
Damage to the temporal lobe
can speak and comprehend fine
have trouble naming objects
Pure Aphasia
Difficulties reading and writing