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Neurobiology > Topic 2 > Flashcards

Topic 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Electrical signalling

A

Action potenital

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2
Q

Chemical signalling

A

Occurs at the synapse with neurotransmitters

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3
Q

Axon hillock

A

Where AP are generated from, must be of a certain magnitude/ reach electrical threshold for it to occur

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4
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

-65 mv

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5
Q

Depolarisation

A

influx of Na+

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6
Q

Hyperpolaristaion

A

efflux of K+

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7
Q

electrical differnce

A

resting membrane potential - the electrical difference outside the cell compared to the inside

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8
Q

Factors to generate the resting membrane potential

A

1) Concentration of ions in the cytoplasm and in the ECF
2) permeability of membrane
3) Transporters present

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9
Q

Neurotransmitter in lipid bilayer

A

they can not cross, hence why they need a transporter

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10
Q

ion channels

A

Made of protein
will open and close to allow passage of ions

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11
Q

uncharged solutes

A

pass through passively

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12
Q

charged solutes

A

require energy as they are going against the concentration gradient
this creates an eletrical gradient

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13
Q

Gradient

A

is magnitude and direction of flow
determine by electro-chemical gradient

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14
Q

Membrane is most permeable to

A

K+ ions, usually as more potassium channels are present
also taking in more k+ reduces likelihood of firing an AP

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15
Q

Selectivity of channels

A

dependant on:
pore size
what amino acid lines the channel

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16
Q

Transportes

A

are embedded in the membrane
have 2 separate gates at both ends of the membrane

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17
Q

coupled transport

A

when a transporter moves 2 molecules at a time, the first one provides the second one with ATP to move

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18
Q

Symporters

A

type of transporter
moves soltes in the same direction

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19
Q

Antiporters

A

type of transporter
moves solutes in opposite directions

20
Q

ATPase

A

3 Na+ OUT
2 K+ IN

21
Q

Leaky k+ channels

A

always open k+ channels
passive
allows k+ to leave the cell
makes resting mebrane potential more negative

22
Q

Na+ leak

A

At rest there is an inward leak of sodium, this pushes the extra k+ out thats being brought in by ATPase

23
Q

volatge gated k+ channels states

A

open an closed

24
Q

volatage gated Na+ channel states

A

activation, inactivation , resting state

25
Q

Axon with shorter refractory period

A

can conduct faster

26
Q

conduction velocity

A

10 m/s

27
Q

Gap junctions

A

Made of 6 proteins called conexons
basically a bridge between the two neurons

28
Q

Synaptic intergration

A

when multiple signals come up at the same time
summation occurs
a stronger signal is then made

29
Q

types of synpases

A

axodendritic
axoaxonal
axosomatic

30
Q

Gray’s type 1 synpase

A

synapses are asymmetrical
post synaptic side is thicker

31
Q

Gray’s type 2 synapse

A

symmetrical
usually inhibtory

32
Q

types of neurotransmitter based on chemical structure

A

Amino acid NT
Amine NT
Peptide NT
all synapses in cns release amino and amine but not all can release peptide

33
Q

Peptide NT

A

made in rough ER, then packaged in Golgi apparatus and then into vesicles

34
Q

EPSP

A

Excitatory post synaptic potential
when an influx of cations come in, making the membrane more positive and causing an AP
will hit at dendrite

35
Q

IPSP

A

Inhibitory postsynaptic response
influx of anions preventing an AP from occurring
while hit at soma

36
Q

Synaptic intergration

A

multiple IPSP and EPSP are fired together and summed up to determine whether an AP will occur

37
Q

spatial summation

A

1 neuron receives multiple inputs

38
Q

temporal summation

A

1 presynaptic neuron fires multiple inputs to create more magnitude

39
Q

Shunting inhibtion

A

Lowers resting membrane potential to ensure an AP isn’t fired regardless if the EPSP is large enough or not
located at the start of the axon hillock

40
Q

Toxin

A

are produced by a biological mechanism
usually causes an immune response

41
Q

Poison

A

Causes metabolic or other changes to an organism

42
Q

venom

A

is a toxin that is injected

43
Q

Puffer fish

A

tetrodotoxin
bind to and blocks Na+ channels
therefore no AP can occur
tingling of mouth, numbess, paralysis

44
Q

Poison dart frog

A

batrachotoxin
lowers the membrane potential, making it harder for AP to fire
muscle paralysis
also causes channels to remain open causing muscle tremors

45
Q

Black Mamba

A

dendroxtin
blocks voltage gated k+ channels
AP essentially keeps firing
causes muscle tremors and sezure
also a cardiotoxin

46
Q

Cone Snails

A

contains a cocktail of toxins
that essentially affects every part of action potential

Neurobiology (6 decks)

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