Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neurobiology > Topic 1 > Flashcards

Topic 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Neurons

A

10% of cells in brain
process information
sensing environment
signal transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Glia

A

Support Neurons
immune cells of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Types of Glia

A

Astrocytes
Ependymal
Oligodendroctyes
Microglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Astrocyte function

A

A for Abundant
support and nourish electrons - scaffold the brain
Regulate the chemical content of extracellular space - by regulating substances that affect neurotransmitter
have end feet - at the end of synapses that
fill in spaces between proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Microglia function

A

Immune cells of the brain
Remove threats + clean debris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Myelinating cells of the CNS
one oligodendrocytes myelinate many axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Ependymal

A

Makeup lining of ventricles and spinal cord
produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cytoarchitecture

A

Celluar structure of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Golgi Stain

A

Staining individual neurons within the brain
Breakthrough in neurology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Neurite

A

A projection from the cell body
2 types - axon and dendrited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Nissil Granules

A

Found in Soma (cell body)
Synthesis proteins
Have a rough ER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Neurotubules

A

Is the cytoskeleton in neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Axonplamsa

A

Cytoplasm in the axon hillock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Gaps in between myelin sheaths
AP occur in these region, AP can doesn’t occur in myelinated sections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Salatory Conduction

A

AP jumping from node of Ranvier to node of Ranvier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Types of synapses

A

Axoaxonal
Axodendritic
axosomatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Axoplasmic Trasnport

A

Axon contains microtubules
these microtubules transport proteins down the axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Antretrograde transport

A

Transport from the cell body to the terminal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Retrograde Transport

A

Transport from the synapse to the soma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Neuronal Classification

A

Classified based on number of neurites
Unipolar
bipolar
multipolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Stellate

A

Star shaped classification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Pyramidal

A

shape classification
Asymmetrical
Long axon
short dendrite
Looks like a pyramid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Golgi type 1

A

axon length classification
have a long axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Golgi type 2

A

Axon classification
short axons
synapse with other axons locally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Classified based on structure

A

Motor neurons
sensory neurons
interneurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Classified based on Neurtransmitter

A

dopaminergic neurons relase dopamine
GABAergic neurons relase GABA
Glutamatergic neurons release glutamate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Schwann Cells

A

myelinate neurons in the PNS
1 Schwann cell: 1 axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Myelinating cells of the CNS
wrap around the axon
1 oligo: numerous axons
insulates, nourishes and protects axon
allows for salatory conduction
Inhibit axonal regrowth
Increases speed of AP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Microglia

A

constanly moving in brain montioring for pathogens or cells that may be a threat
when activated they morph into phagocytes to exterminate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Structure of Myelin

A

Oligodenrties have spinal structure
allows membrane to wrap around axon
creates a multilayered structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Satelite cells

A

Astrocytes of the PNS

32
Q

Nodes of ranvier

A

Allows for saltatory conduction
ensures AP is completely regenerated before firing a new AP

33
Q

Proteins in myelin

A

Very low protein count - as it has more lipids to allow for insulation

34
Q

MBP

A

Myelin basic protein
most common
ensures cell is tightly wrapped around neuron
also keeps cytoplasmic surface close to myelin

35
Q

PLP

A

Proteolipid Protein
helps myeline structure
without degradation occurred

36
Q

OSP

A

Oligodendrocyte specfic protein
tight junction protein

37
Q

MAG

A

protein with a carb in it
involved with neuron - oligodendrocyte interaction

38
Q

How did they discover Myelin proteins

A

Genetically engineered rats by removing the gene that codes for the protein, once removed they monitored the symptoms

39
Q

Without PLP

A

structural abnormailities but still compact

40
Q

Without BMP

A

poor compaction, degradation

41
Q

Demylination

A

Loss of structurally sound myelin
can occur due to exposure to harmful substances, i.e lead

42
Q

Primary demylination

A

Type of demyelination
when the myelin sheath is lost but the axon underneath is fine

43
Q

Axonal damage

A

Type of demyelination
when the sheath is lost and the axon is damaged

44
Q

Dysmyelination

A

When the myelin wasn’t formed correctly in the first place - usally a genetic mutation

45
Q

Remyelination

A

The capacity of myelin to regenerate
each time it regenerates it won’t be the same, usually worse
usally caused by an inflammatory response
common during early stages of MS

46
Q

Leukodystrophine

A

Disorders affecting the myelin sheath
all genetic and extremely rare
i.e Krabbs, pelizaues-mertzbacher, adrenoleukodystrophy

47
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

demyelination caused by an auto-immune response, exact cause is unknown
age of onset - 18 - 50

48
Q

MS symptoms

A

Numbness and tingling in legs, arms, face
muscle weakness, blurred vision, extreme tiredness, speech problems

49
Q

Clinically Isolated syndrome

A

when symptoms only appear for 24 hours

50
Q

Monofocal

A

only affect one region of the brain resulting in one symptom

51
Q

Mulitfocal

A

Affects multiple reigons of the brain - causing multiple symptoms

52
Q

How MS happens

A

T cells with a special ligand are able to break through the blood-brain barrier
this allows more receptors to follow suit, like paying the bouncer to let your friends in, i.e lets b cells and other cytotoxins in
B-cells bind to myelin causing macrophages to attack then t-cells stop it and remyelination occurs

53
Q

Relapsing-Remitting MS

A

85% are diagnosed with this
attack - gets better and regenerates - relapse occurs and regenerates again but regeneration is never fully completely
very slow progression of sympotms

54
Q

Secondary Progressive MS

A

Starts as RRMS but then the remission period stops and then there is just a gradual prgoression

55
Q

Primary progressive MS

A

No remission
Just a gradual progression

56
Q

Progressive relapsing (PRMS)

A

Is primary progressive but with remission peroids, Like RRMS except occurs linealry

57
Q

Charcot’s Neurlogic Triad

A

Symptoms of MS
Dysarthria
Nystagmia
International tremors

58
Q

Dysarthia

A

Difficult or unclear speech
occurs when there is plaque in the brainstem

59
Q

Nystagmia

A

Involuntary rapid eye movements
caused by plaque forming on the nreves of the eyes
also causes loss of vision, double vision

60
Q

Intenetion tremors

A

caused by plaque forming on motor neurons
causes muscle weakness and fatigue

61
Q

Lhermitte’s Sign

A

when patient bends neck forward, an electric shock radiates down their back and into their limbs

62
Q

MS diagnosis

A

MRI scan, visual evoked potential test (shows delayed AP), cerebrospinal fluid - high levels of antibodies

63
Q

MS treatment

A

No cure, give immunosurpressents or corticosteroids (they rebalance amount of inflammatory agents int the brain)
plasmapheresis

64
Q

MS prognosis

A

no cure, just keep giving medication and monitor symptoms

65
Q

Gullian Barr syndrome

A

demyelination in PNS
starts as tingling or paraylsis in feet and ascends
can progress to respiratory or heart failure
is bilateral
appears after a GIT or respiratory infection

66
Q

poly neuropathy

A

damage to PNS nerves

67
Q

AIDP

A

Acute inflammatory demylination polyneuropathy - type of GBS

68
Q

AMAN

A

Acute motor axonal neuropathy
attacks nodes of ranvier - decreases conduction velocity

69
Q

Molecular mimicing

A

Antigens from a previous infection to ones already found in the body , they attach to the axon and macrophages attack them ruining the neuron during the process

70
Q

GBS diagnosis

A

No specific test can be conducted
knee jerk reflex will be absent
electromyography - measures electrical activity of muscles - will be reduced

71
Q

GBS treatment

A

Mostly supportive
corticosteroids or immunosuppressant - both reduce activity of the inflammatory and immune response
plasmaphoresis

72
Q

acute phase

A

GBS phase
firstly couple weeks
symptoms occur and worsen

73
Q

plateu phase

A

symptoms remain but dont worsen

74
Q

return phase

A

remyelination occurs

75
Q

phases of GBS

A

acute phase, plateau phase and return phase

76
Q

PNS remyelination

A

can occur if axon is still intact
occurs very very slowly as it is a complex process

Neurobiology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions