Topic 5 Flashcards
How does population density change around the UK
Density is highest in cities and around cities
Upland areas such as northern scotland and central wales are rural and sparsely populated
How does economic activity change in urban cores
Urban cores have concentration of economic activity - 60% of jobs are found
Mainly tertiary sectors jobs
More jobs available so more people move to cities
How does economic activity change in rural areas
Fewer jobs
Primary idustry - farming, mining
Sometimes have seasonal tourism industry
Some areas have become commutor settlements - people live there and travel to work
Why do urban areas have younger populations
More younger people in big cities - people live closer to jobs so cities have more people of a working age
More old people in rural areas as they retire and move to a more peaceful environment
Why are some areas of the UK poor
Isolated areas of the UK are inaccessible - few employment opportunities and young people leave to find jobs. Depopulation means loss of services
Rural, former industrial areas has had high levels of unemployment and new jobs are not created
How can EU and UK government policies reduce inequalities
Enterprise zones: attract new companies and creates new jobs in poorer areas
Transport infrastructure to link cities to rural areas e.g HS2: promotes jobs in poorer areas
European Regional Development Fund: invests in rural area to attract companies e.g broadband in Cornwalls attracts tech companies and creates jobs
How is national migration distributed across UK
Most young national migrants to major cities: more jobs and universities
Counter urbanisation in major cities: wealthy move out of cities to get better quality of life
Older people move to rural areas to retire
How does migration effect age structure in UK
Age group populatio of young people increases
Increased birth rate: most are at child bearing age so population gets younger in this area
How has immigration changed the UK
Lots of immigration from India, Pakistan, Asia, Caribbean, Poland, Hungary
Moved to fill skills shortages in UK e.g IT
Bring languages, food, arts, festivals, fashion
How have job sectors changed
Since 1960 primary sectors have decreased: farming more mechanized, mining reduced due to competition
Secondary industry fell: more education and job opportunities
Tertiary sectors increased: more disposable income, more service opportunities
Quarternary industries increased: IT and technology improved, more IT graduates
How did Burnley decline
Textiles Industry collapsed
Mass unemployment: 65%
Low wages and low quality of life meant people moved out rather than in, little population growth
South Wales improvement
Industry declined - lead to mass unemployment
Improved transport links and attracted businesses
Cheap land meant businesses invested
Lots of high skilled tech companies
Wealth increases so more jobs created
What is FDI in the UK
Companies can buy land and build factories or offices
Companies can buy existing businesses
FDI increases mainly due to TNCs
How is FDI increasing in the UK
Globalisation: better transport and communications attract companies
Privatisation: services bought by private firms to merge with company, e.g scottish power owned by spanish Iberdrola company
Free trade: reduced import and export restrictions: increases FDI because companies can move goods between UK and home country easily
Positives of TNCs on UK economy
Jobs created
Large scale projects are payed for e.g offshore wind turbines
Can lead the way in developing new products and technology to increase productivity
Negatives of TNCs on UK economy
Over reliance, can make UK economy vulnerable
Big effects if TNCs move, farmers may rely on companies to sell produce
Local businesses struggle to compete
London site, situation, connectivity
Flat floodplain of Thames
Contributes 20% of UK economy
Transport links: shipping, international airports, channel tunnel
Global financial centre: home to many national banks
How does migration change London
International migration, national migration, internal population growth increase population
Inner city has highest rate of population change: wealthy moving to work in skilled jobs, poor migrants moving for service jobs
Lots of migrants move to suburbs after settling in
How does migration effect character of the city
Younger population
Ethnic diversity increases
Population growth: birth rates
Services are needed in poorer areas e.g more education and healthcare in Newham
Culturally diverse: people of same ethncity clump together
How do services effect equality
Rapid population growth puts pressure on services
E.g health and education
Councils get less money
How does education effect equality
Best state schools oversubscribed
Wealthy parents can send children to fee-paying schools
Many poorer children go to bad state schools which increases cycle of poverty as they have a lack of education
How did the decline in secondary sector jobs effect equality
Fewer manufacture jobs in inner city
25%+ of londons population are in poverty due to unemployment or low wages
How does health effect equality
Bad lifestyles are common in deprived areas
NHS is free but services are overwhelmed
How has the inner city declined
Deindustrialisation caused unemployment
Suburbanisation caused depopulation
Decentralisation: shops and businesses move out of the CBD
Growth of e-commerce meant high street shops lose business and this causes unemployment
How have the rural urban fringe and inner city seen economic growth
Financial business and TNC investment: FDI
Gentrification and studentification: more jobs and money spent
Urban sprawl: shopping centres ( blue water ) and business parks built in rural areas, more jobs
Leisure and culture: investment in poorer areas ( east end ), more transport links, new jobs
Sustainable strategies for urban living
Employment: more jobs reduces poverty and increases economic sustainability
Recycling: fewer resources used for next generation
Green spaces: environmental benefits, london has 40% green space
Transport: noise and air pollution reduced by: congestion charge, electric buses, boris bikes
Housing: BedZed sustainable community, house save as much energy as possible
How is london interdependant on rural areas for labour
People commute to london from rural areas
Students and young people move into London for jobs and entertainment
How is london interdependant on rural areas for goods
London gets food from rural areas, farmers sell food in supermarkets
Rural people travel to london to shop
How is london interdependant on rural areas for services
London has good hospitals and schools - people from rural areas travel to use them
Londoners travel to rural areas for leisure activities
Positives of interdependance
Businesses in rural areas have seen increase in business
Farmers make money from selling land or buildings
Less pressure on housingnin London
Costs of interdependance
Rural villages have become commutor settlements - they are empty during the day which can send the area into decline
New housing built in countryside which affects habitats
Commuting has increased air pollution and congestion
Changes on rural areas from interdependance
E.g Seven Oaks
Counterurbanisation has meant that more pressure is put on housing
Older people moving into rural areas and younger people leaving creates older population
Increased demand for leisure and recreation services as numbers of wealthy londoners increase
How is employment a challenge for rural areas
Deprivation of jobs concentrated in small areas
Increased use of technology decreases jobs available in agriculture
How is health care and education a challenge for rural areas
Older populations need more nursing homes
GP surgeries can close due to lack of use
Closing schools due to lack of pupils
Elderly cannot reach specialist health care
Pupils must travel further to go to school
How is housing a challenge for rural areas
Housing prices are much higher that average
Challenge in affordable housing for young people
How are farmers increasing income
Farm shops
Accomodation
Leisure activities
Environmental impacts of farmshops
Land can still be farmed
More varieties of crops are grown
Environmental impacts of accomodation in rural areas
Eyesores
Environmental pressure: increase use of energy and water, increased waste
Environmental impacts of leisure activities in rural areas
Can cause air pollution as people travel to reach the facilities
