topic 5

Question 1

health by WHO

Answer 1

a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

Question 2

what is a pathogen?

Answer 2

an organism that causes disease

Question 3

examples of pathogens

Answer 3

bacteria
viruses
fungis
protists

Question 4

describe cholera

Answer 4

bacteria
diarrhoea and vomiting
spread by water

Question 5

describe tuberculosis

Answer 5

bacteria
lung damage, coughing
airborne

Question 6

chalara ash dieback

Answer 6

fungi
leaf loss, bark lesions
airborne

Question 7

malaria

Answer 7

protists
damages blood and liver
spread by animal vector - mosquito

Question 8

HIV

Answer 8

virus
destroys white blood cells leads to onset of AIDS
spread by body fluids

Question 9

Helicobacter

Answer 9

bacteria
stomach ulcers
oral transmission

Question 10

ebola

Answer 10

virus
hemorrhagic fever
spread by body fluids

Question 11

why can antibiotics only be used for bacterial infections?

Answer 11

antibiotics inhibit cell processes in bacterium but viruses and other pathogens often use host cell machinery to reproduce and are unaffected by antibiotics

Question 12

what does the culture medium contain?

Answer 12

carbohydrates, minerals, proteins, and vitamins

Question 13

what do drugs need to be tested for?

Answer 13

toxicity
efficacy (do they work)
dose

Question 14

what does preclinical testing involve?

Answer 14

using cells, tissues and live animals

Question 15

what does clinical testing involve

Answer 15

using volunteers and patients

Question 16

stages of clinical testing

Answer 16

1. test at a low dose on healthy volunteers to check for side effects
2. then tested on patients to find most effective dose
3. patients are split in half and the drug and placebo are used to see the real effect - can be single or double blind

results then need to be peer reviewed to check for repeatability

Question 17

at what bmi are you classed as obese

Answer 17

30

Question 18

obesity in waist to hip ratio

Answer 18

0.85 for women

1 for men

Question 19

effect of alcohol on liver disease

Answer 19

fatty liver disease is common in alcoholics and can lead to liver cancer+impaired liver function
vitamin deficiencies are common - B6
14 units is recommended weekly allowance - less than this significantly reduces risk of liver disease

Question 20

effects of smoking on CVD

Answer 20

nicotine can cause hbp and heart failure

tar can cause lung cancer

Question 21

pros and cons of life long medication for cvd

Answer 21

can reduce cholesterol (statins) /blood pressure
hbp may need multiple medications
most likely needed for whole life
likely have side effects

Question 22

pros and cons of surgery for cvd

Answer 22

coronary artery bypass can bypass blocked coronary arteries
immunosuppressants have to be taken
a metal stent can be used to widen arteries narrowed by fat deposits BUT the stents can irritate the artery and cause the growth of scar tissue which narrows it again

Question 23

pros and cons of lifestyle changes for cvd

Question 24

overview of stages of drug development

Answer 24

discovery
development
pre clinical testing
clinical testing
approval by a medical agency