Topic 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Nitrogenase?

A

enzyme that converts N2 to NH3

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2
Q

How is NH3 used in cells?

A

used by cells as a nitrogen

source for building nitrogen containing molecules

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3
Q

Nitrogenase is comprised of two proteins called?

A
dinitrogenase &
dinitrogenase reductase (use Fe/Mo cofactors)
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4
Q

Electrons come from …

A

Fe/S proteins
such as flavodoxin –> transferred to
dinitrogen reductase –> to dinitrogenase –> to N2.

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5
Q

Gluconeogenesis?

A

Producing glucose (for carbon/energy storage or as a precursor for biosynthesis)

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6
Q

T/F: Gluconeogenesis is the reversal of glycolysis.

A

TRUE (same steps in reverse)

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7
Q

Glucose is activated by …

A

addition of nucleotide diphosphates such as ADP-glucose, UDP-glucose
(using ATP, UTP)

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8
Q

Activated glucose form is used to produce polysaccharides for: (3)

A
  • LPS (Gram negative outer membrane)
  • NAM/NAG (peptidoglycan)
  • Storage molecules like glycogen/starch – later used for carbon/ energy
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9
Q

What is Glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthase used for?

A
  • used to build nitrogen-containing molecules (e.g. amino acids)
  • efficiently incorporate NH3 even at low levels
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10
Q

Role of Glutamine/glutamate?

A

act as nitrogen donors to produce many other key nitrogen-containing molecules in the cell

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11
Q

Fatty acids built 2 carbons at a time using by
adding _______ to growing
chain, therefore CO2 released as biproduct

A

malonyl-CoA(3 carbons)

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12
Q

ACP?

A

-stands for: acyl carrier protein
-“holder” of
substrates for fatty acid synthesis

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13
Q

Parts of a nucleotide?

A

pentoses (5C sugar, ribose) & nucleobases

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14
Q

Explain pentose phosphate pathway?

A
  • generates ribose-5-phosphate from glucose-6-phosphate.

- generates NADPH and carbon skeletons

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15
Q

T/F: Purines (A/G) built using the same way as

pyrimidines (U/T/C).

A

FALSE: Purines (A/G) built using one pathway,

pyrimidines (U/T/C) produced separate pathway

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16
Q

What are the key intermediates of purines and pyrimidines used to produce final products?

A

IMP for purines

Orotate for pyrimidines

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17
Q

What are the metabolic requirements for all life? (4)

A
  • liquid water
  • source of energy to do work
  • nutrients
  • source of electrons for biochemical rxns
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18
Q

How is energy conserved in microbes?

A
  • storing it in high energy molecules aka ATP
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19
Q

Metabolism

A

series of biochemical reactions needed for life

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20
Q

Catabolism

hint: cata reminds me of cut so…

A
  • reactions used to get energy by breaking down complex molecules
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21
Q

Anabolism

A

reactions used to synthesis cellular material (energy)

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22
Q

Chemotrophs

A
  • get energy by breaking down high energy molecules to low energy
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23
Q

Phototrophs

A

use energy from the sunn!!

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24
Q

Autotrophs vs Heterotrophs?

A

autotrophs use CO2 (producers/plants)
- most are chemolithotrophs or phototrophs

heterotrophs get carbon from organic molecules
- mostly chemoorganotrophs

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25
Q

What does ΔG stand for??

A

Gibbs Free Energy!

- its the measurement of free energy change of a reaction in kJ

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26
Q

Positive ΔG?

A

-endergonic (requires energy)
- non spont
reactants have less energy than products

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27
Q

Negative ΔG?

A
  • exergonic (releases energy!)
  • spontaneous
  • reactants have more energy than products
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28
Q

Three things that affect ΔG

A
  • temperature
  • concentration of substrates
  • concentration of products
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29
Q

NOTE: Review the Gibbs Free Energy equation

A
K= [products]/[substrates]
ΔG = ΔG0 + RT lnK
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30
Q
Redox Reactions
(chem 20/30 recap folks!)
hint: OIL RIG or LEO the lion goes GER
A

OIL RIG: Oxidation is Losing Electrons, Reduction is Gaining Electrons
ex. if glucose is donating electrons, it’s e- donor and it is oxidized

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31
Q

How does the electronegativity increase in a periodic table?

classic chem question, how niice

A

increases across a period and upwards in a group

so the top right corner, Fluorine is the most electronegative

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32
Q

Redox Pair convention

A

ex. Glucose and CO2 –> glucose is reduced, CO2 oxidized
convention: oxidized form/reduced form
CO2/glucose

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33
Q

The more negative values on top of the redox tower, the redox couples have a stronger tendency to be good ________.

A

electron donors! (to be oxidized)

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34
Q

Redox couples with more positive values at the bottom are more likely to be _______.

A

electron acceptors! (to be reduced)

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35
Q

NOTE: be able to use redox tower!!

idk how to put it into flashcards

A

you’re doing great, we got this guys!!

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36
Q

Example of an electron carrier?

A

NAD+/NADH

remember the convention? NAD+ is oxidizing agent, NADH is reducing agent

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37
Q

Proteins made by cells that act as catalysts are called _______.

A

enzymes!

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38
Q

RNA enzymes?

A

ribozymes

i have no idea why i love this word

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39
Q

Tip! How do you know if something is an enzyme?

A

usually ends with -ase!

ex. catalase, pyruvate kinase

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40
Q

what is activation energy?

A
  • the minimum amount of energy needed to result in a reaction!
    aka - bonds first need to be broken to initiate a reaction
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41
Q

How do enzymes play a role in activation energy?

A
  • they can lower the activation energy of a reaction!

NOTE: they DO NOT change the equilibrium or ΔG of a reaction!!

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42
Q

How do enzymes lower activation energy/increase reaction rates? (5)

A
  • concentration! (increasing concentration of substrates)
  • orientation of molecules!!
  • electronic distribution/conformational structure of substrates ca be altered for more reactivity
  • transition state stabilization
  • using coenzymes/prosthetic groups (ex. metallic elements)
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43
Q

Competitive inhibitors?

A
  • fit in the same active site and prevent substrate from binding
    ex. this is how drugs work!
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44
Q

Allosteric Inhibitors?

A
  • binds to allosteric site which changes the shape of the catalytic site
  • prevents substrate from binding
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45
Q

Allosteric Activators?

A
  • binds to allosteric site which changes shape of catalytic site ==> but its a good thing in this case
    promotes substrate binding and catalysis
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46
Q

What is feedback inhibition?

it is needed in metabolic pathways!

A
  • the end product is a negative modulator ==> it binds to the first enzyme in the pathway and inhibits activity
    ==> basically, the end product shuts down the whole business of making more of itself
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47
Q

What are the three basic terms for ATP generation?

A
  • Substrate level phosphorylation
  • oxidative phosphorylation
  • photophosphorylation
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48
Q

Substrate level phosphorylation

A
  • the energy from an exergonic reaction is used to make ATP by transferring a phosphate to ADP
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49
Q

When energy from an electron transfer reaction generate a proton motive force to drive the ATP synthase, it is called ________

A

oxidative phosphorylation!

- helps generate ATP from the ATP synthase

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50
Q

Photophosphorylation?

A

energy from light drives proton motive force ==> generates ATP using ATP synthase

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51
Q

What sugar is mostly used by many chemoorganotrophs for energy?

A

glucose! other sugars can also be used though

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52
Q

What is the process of breaking down glucose called?

easy one, you got this!

A

glycolysis! (flashback to bio 20)

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53
Q

Why is glycolysis important?

A
  • breaks down glucose for energy
  • conserved is ALL domains of life
  • doesn’t need oxygen
  • can be followed by respiration or fermentation
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54
Q

How many NADH and pyruvate are generated per glucose molecule in glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvate, 2 NADH

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55
Q

What are the 2 other names for Kreb’s cycle?

honestly, isn’t one enough…

A

citric acid cycle (CAC) or tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)

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56
Q

Starting of Kreb’s cycle?

A

pyruvate has been broken down into acetyl-COA, which then enters the citric acid cycle

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57
Q

Where does the Kreb’s cycle take place in eukaryotes?

hint - the powerhouse of the cell

A

the mitochondria!

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58
Q

What are the inputs of the Kreb’s cycle? (what goes in)

A
Acetyl CoA
2 NAD+
NADP+
FAD
Pi
ADP and 2 H2O
59
Q

What are the outputs of the Kreb’s cycle? (what comes out)

A
2 CO2,
CoA
2 NADH
NADPH
FADH2
ATP and 2H+
60
Q

How many NADH and FADH2 are produced in the Kreb’s cycle per pyruvate molecule?

A

2 NADH

1 FADH2

61
Q

What are the inputs of glycolysis (what goes in)

A

glucose
2 NAD+
2 Pi
2 ADP

62
Q

What are the outputs of glycolysis? (what comes out)

A
2 pyruvate 
2 NADH
2 ATP
2 H+
2 H2O
63
Q

Review both the glycolysis/citric acid cycle!!

A

look over the pictures of both, we might have to label them at each stage

64
Q

where is the ETC

A

cytoplasmic membrane

65
Q

When protons are pumped out of the cell…..

A

proton motive force

66
Q

for aerobic respiration what is the terminal electron exporter

67
Q

electrons in etc generated by

A

glycolysis/CAC

68
Q

molecule primarily used for biosynthetic reactions

69
Q

2 key electron carriers in ETC

A

1) NADH dehydrogenase and flavoproteins

2) Iron-sulfur proteins

70
Q

What does NADH dehydrogenase do

A

transfers 2 electrons to falvoprotein

71
Q

Iron sulfur clusters are metal ____

A

cofactors involved in electron transfer

72
Q

redox potential depends on

A

nature of cluster and protein

73
Q

Quinones are proteins T/F

A

false! small molecules that move within a membrane

74
Q

Quinone function

A

link Fe/S proteins to cytochromes

75
Q

Cytochromes

A

proteins that contain heme prosthetic groups

76
Q

Last stop before terminal acceptor

A

cytochromes

77
Q

electrons are transferred from ____ reduction potential to ____ red potential

A

low to high

78
Q

Final acceptor gets used up?

A

Yes and a external source to keep going

79
Q

T/F paracoccus dentrificans electrons can enter at complex 1 or 2

A

yes electrons can enter at different points

80
Q

paracoccus dentrificans steps of etc

A

1) complex 1 starts with NADH (low E) pumps 4 H+ for 2e
2) Complex 2 starts with FADH2 (high E), pumps fewer H+
3) from both complexes quinone is reduced and passes e to complex 3

81
Q

From NADH to H2O how many protons pumped

82
Q

ATP synthase mechnism

A

F0 (membrane) and F1 (cytosol) connected by stalk, F0 spins like turbine and protons flow through driving conformational change which powers ADP+Pi

83
Q

how many H+ per 1 ATP

84
Q

is ATP mechanism reversible?

A

yep ATP can generate PMF

85
Q

how many ATP per NADH

86
Q

what does aerobic respiration spit out

A

fully oxidized CO2 and H2O biproduct

87
Q

Chemoorganotrophs have preferred energy sources, what does that mean

A

they have certain sources like glucose, if they have first they will use it, but when materials are scarce they can use other things

88
Q

beta-oxidation

A

pathway to convert fatty acids to acetyl-CoA which can be fed into CAC and respiration

89
Q

catabolite repression

A

if better energy source was around, use of energy for other sources will be inhibited

90
Q

Glyoxalate cycle

A

variation of citric cycle that is used to grow on 2-C molecules (like acetate or acetyl Co-A), produces less reducing power but provides oxalate

91
Q

oxalate

A

building blocks for synthesis of amino acids, glucose, etc

92
Q

E. coli is a ____ anaerobe

A

facultative

93
Q

facultative anerobe

A

live/grow with or without O2, can do aerobic, anaerobic respiration and fermentation

94
Q

Under anaerobic conditions, respire using….

95
Q

nitrate is more/less efficient because

A

less, pumps fewer H+ than with O2

96
Q

How many ATP does substrate level phosphorylation produce

97
Q

what does glycolysis lack in terms of redox and NADH

A

it lacks balance, NADH is produced but there is no e acceptor to regenerate NAD+

98
Q

redox balance is restores using

A

fermentation (or CAC/respiration)

99
Q

fermentation

A

metabolism without the use of external e acceptor, anaerobic, substrate level phosphorylation used to generate ATP

100
Q

how is redox balance achieved in fermentation

A

excretion of reduced fermentation products

101
Q

Difference between lactic acid fermentation and aerobic respiration

A

LAF uses only glucose, ADP, and Pi to make 2 ATP and 2 lactate, AR uses oxygen to produce 38 ATP and CO2 and H2O

102
Q

heterofermentative lactic acid fermenters

A

generate mix of lactose and other fermentation products, avoid lactate accumulation

103
Q

ethanol fermentaion

A

3C pyruvate produces CO2 and EtOH, NAD+ replenished, YEAST uses it (thats why bread is fluffy)

104
Q

Also used to naturally carbonate ____

A

BEER (dont drink kids)

105
Q

common theme of fermentation

A

generate energy rich molecule used to hydrolyze produce ATP, donate e to reduce metabolite and excrete to obtain redox balance

106
Q

lithotroph (this is so cool)

A

rock eater, energy from oxidizing inorganic molecules

107
Q

are lithotrophs aerobic or anaerobic

A

they can be both

108
Q

common electron donors

A

H2S, H2, Fe2+, NH4+

109
Q

Ralstonia eutropha (officially naming this Ralph)

A

gram neg, lives in soil and freshwater, growths as chemolithoautotroph on H2, CO2 and O2

110
Q

What does Ralph produce

A

2 hydrogenase enzymes that split H2 into H+ and donate e to produce ATP and NADH

111
Q

Describe what the enzymes produced by Ralph do

A

1) the membrane bound enzyme donates e to reduce quinones in ETC generating PMF creating ATP
2) Soluble (cytoplasmic) enzyme reduces NAD+ to NADH generating reducing power

112
Q

where is excess ____ stores, as an electron/energy reserve to form final oxidation products like thiosulfite and sulfate (i swear if yall dont get this one)

A

elemental sulfur

113
Q

phototrophs

A

use light energy from the sun to drive electron flow generating PMF to produce ATP

114
Q

ATP generated by (in phototrophs)

A

photophosphorylation

115
Q

oxygenic

A

generate O2 as a biproduct of photosynthesis

116
Q

anoxygenic

A

do not generate O2

117
Q

who came first oxygenic or anoxygenic

A

anoxygenic

118
Q

photoheterotrophs

A

phototrophs that get carbon from organic molecules

119
Q

photosynthetic reaction center contains

A

bacteriocholorphyll

120
Q

bacteriochlorophyll

A

P870 absorbs light energy, goes from weak electron donor P870 (E +0.5) to very strong electron donor P870* (E -1.0)

121
Q

P870* donates e to ____

122
Q

cyclic photophosphorylation

A

electrons cycle back to P780 to return to original state

123
Q

Antenna pigments

A

light harvesting complexes embedded in membrane, similar to heme groups but Mg instead of Fe

124
Q

why different pigments

A

allow different phototrophs to coexist

125
Q

example of Q-type reaction center

A

purple bacteria

126
Q

anoxygenic bacteria use what type of reaction center

127
Q

some anoxygenic bacteria ___ electrons to an external electron acceptor

A

cyclic electron flow

128
Q

MEMORIZE FIGURE OF REACTION CENTER

A

hi guys, wassup jk keep going

129
Q

where do electron ultimately come from in reaction center for Q-type RC

A

H2S e donor

130
Q

why does Q-type use reverse electron flow?

A

E’ not low enough to reduce NAD+

131
Q

reverse electron transport

A

use PMF (costs a lot of E) to drive e- in opposite direction in ETC and reduce NAD to NADH

132
Q

PSI

A

photosystem 1, P700, FeS type

133
Q

PSII

A

photosystem 2, PS680, Q-type

134
Q

where are these reaction centers found

135
Q

phototrophic eukaryotes contain

A

chloroplasta

136
Q

chloroplasts came from

A

cyanobacteria

137
Q

pathway of PS

A

PSII gets excited, light transfers to ETC becoming highly electropositive, accepts e- from H2O to make H+ and O2 (H2O weak e- donor)

138
Q

where do e- from PSII go

139
Q

where do low energy e- go

140
Q

PSI does what

A

reduce NADP+ to NADPH

141
Q

ultimate e- acceptor

142
Q

what does the calvin cycle do?

A

CO2 converted to organic molecules, costs ATP and NADPH

143
Q

for every 36C how many C get drawn off for biosynthesis

144
Q

the enzyme that does the key carboxylation step