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MCB 265 > Topic 1 > Flashcards

Topic 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Robert Hooke

A

microscope, first known depictions of microorganisms, drawings of fruit molds

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2
Q

Antoni Von Leeuwenhoek

A

first person to see bacteria, father of microbiology :)

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3
Q

What did Leeuwenhoek call bacteria?

Hint: its so cute

A

wee animalcules

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4
Q

Where did Antoni say microbes came from?

Hint: very stupid… not for 1500 I guess

A

spontaneous generation

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5
Q 
Louis Pasteur 
smort guy (5 things)
A
  • disproved spontaneous generation
  • sterilization important for food
  • fermentation
  • vaccine development
  • germ theory of disease
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6
Q

Germ theory of disease

A

whether microbes cause disease or not

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7
Q

Koch’s Postulates (4 steps)

A
  1. Suspected pathogen must be in all cases of diseased and absent from healthy
  2. suspected pathogen grown in pure culture
  3. cells from pure culture must cause disease
  4. pathogen must be reisolated and show same results
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8
Q

Koch’s postulates implications (2)

A
  • show microbes are not just associated with disease, they cause it
  • scientific rigour
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9
Q

Koch’s postulates limitations (2)

A
  • some disease causing pathogen cannot be cultured

- disease causing pathogens can be present in healthy people and only cause disease in some

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10
Q

Robert Koch (4)

TBh hes a big deal (get it?)
Choler-a me surprised…

A
  • methods and principles led to isolation on bacterial cultures
  • proved cause of bacterial disease
  • postulates are a current cornerstone of infectious disease
  • discovered cause of tuberculosis and cholera
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11
Q

Bacteria

A

primary emphasis of mcb

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12
Q

Extremophiles fall into…

A

Archea

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13
Q

Eukaryotic examples

A

algae, mold, plasmodium spp (cause of malaria)

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14
Q

Viruses

A

genetic elements, only multiply in living cell, HIJACK other cells, NOT CELLS

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15
Q

LUCA

A

last universal common ancestor

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16
Q

LUCA feature

A

DNA rep,transcrip,transla, cell division, ATP energy intermediate, lipid bilayer, anaerobic metabolism, limited number of genes,

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17
Q

Chemotroph

A

derive energy from breaking chemical bonds

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18
Q

Phototroph

A

absorbs light, transforming into chemical energy

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19
Q

Chemoorganotrophs

A

break organic molecules

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20
Q

chemolithotrophs

A

inorganic chemicals breakdown

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21
Q

Devoid of oxygen

A

anoxic

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22
Q

Bacteria that produce oxygen O2 as waste product

A

cyanobacteria

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23
Q

Oxygen is a (4)

A
  • great e- acceptor
  • gave rise to aerobic organisms
  • efficient energy production
  • gave rise to complexity
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24
Q

Ozone layer

A

protects against UV, make planet surface more habitable

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25
When did eukaryotes emerge?
archea like bacteria engulfed an aerobic respiring bacterium = phylum Alphaproteobacteria
26
Endosymbiont
organism that lives inside another organism in a symbiotic relationship
27
examples of endosymbionts
mitochondria, chloroplasts
28
Basis for chloroplast
cyanobacterium
29
plants emerged in... (first or second event)
second event when photosynthetic bacterium engulfed
30
Evidence of symbiotic theory
mito and chloro have: - own genomes, ribosomes and tRNA - bacterial machinery - DNA rep/trn/trp similar to archea than bacteria - related to their precursors (proteabacteria and cyanobacteria
31
earth is a ........ | hint: there are ~1 x 10^30 of these
microbial planet
32
Microbes are... | cool sounding word
Ubiquitous - prevalent on every habitat on planet
33
Microbes lives in ______ and ______ microbial communities
complex and competitive
34
Competition drives ____ and ____
evolution and diversity
35
Fun Fact! Our bodies have roughly the same number of microbial and human cells.
Keep going we got this!!
36
Microbes (like humans) come in many different....
shapes and sizes
37
Rise of what threatens our existence and could cause a possible apocalyptic event
antibiotic resistance
38
we use microbes everywhere such as...
industry, biotechnology, food!
39
Taxonomy
science of classifying and naming organisms
40
Phylogeny
study of evolutionary relationships between different organisms
41
Did King Philip Come Over For Great Soup or | Dumb Kids Prefer Cheese Over Green Spinach
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
42
Carl Linnaeus
system for classification
43
Genus species
in italics, genus capitalized
44
Scientific names come from....(3)
Characteristics, scientists, physical property/appearance
45
Subspecies
finer classification after species
46
Biovar or biotype
grouping by physiological or biochemical difference within species
47
Serovar or serotype
grouping based on surface antigens
48
Strain
specific isolate of genetic variant or subtype
49
Why taxonomy? | Hint: think of having millions of species without names
a way to bring order to chaos, communicate effectively, and make predictions on cell characteristics
50
Phylogenic tree
a way to show predicted evolutionary relationships
51
which way does time go in a phylogenetic tree?
left (root) to right (modern lineages)
52
branch length shows....
amount of time between nodes
53
node
most recent ancestor
54
true/ false Do DNA sequences change over time?
true! most common form of change is mutations
55
How can we determine how closely organisms are related? | Hint: literally the building block of life
compare DNA sequences that are conserved | more differences in DNA = more evolutionary distance
56
What DNA sequences should you look for?
highly conserved genes with highly conserved function that has accumulated mutations SLOWLY over time
57
Ribosomal RNA (___) is encoded by ___
rRNA, rDNA
58
SSU
small subunit of ribosome
59
Variable regions useful for...
identifying relationships
60
regions of rRNA useful for PCR
conserved regions
61
Woese tree of life (3) | Woe so cool!
- universal tree based on RNA nucleotide sequence similarity - genealogy of all life on earth - established the 3 domains Bacteria, Eukarya, Archea
62
what rDNA is used to identify/classify bacteria
16S
63
How do you get 16S rDNA (3 steps)
1. isolate genomic DNA 2. use PCR primers that bind to highly conserved regions of 16S rDNA 3. PCR amplify and sequence 16S rDNA
64
Using a sequences to build phylogenetic trees
1. make a tree to align sequences 2. distance matrix calculated from number of sequence differences 3. tree constructed by addition of nodes Compare sequences of multiple conserved genes!!
65
Phylogenetic tree limitations
- they are predictions ( we try but we don't know for sure!) - horizontal gene transfer can greatly confuse things - DNA can undergo homologous recombination

MCB 265 (6 decks)

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