Topic 4b: Euk microbes

Question 1

what tells us bact/euk are endosymbiont

Answer 1

E producing organelles
-have own genes and can do transcription, translation, rep (sim to bact)

Question 2

what is secondary embosymbiosis

Answer 2

euk cell now engulfin another euk cell

Question 3

what is primary symbiosis

Answer 3

have ancestral euk cell w nucleus

Question 4

what are protists

Answer 4

both photo and nonphototrophs
phylog diverse
any euk microbe that is not plant, animal, fungi

Question 5

what are excavata - diplomonas and parabasalids

Answer 5

unicellular, flagellated protists that lack mitoch and chloroplasts
live in anoxic env symbiotically or as parasites

dip = 2 nuclei and mitosomes
para = have parabasal body where gogli complex assoc’d w flagella (have hydrogenosomes)

Question 6

what are hydrogenosomes

Answer 6

replaced mitoch in parabasilids for anaer met
like a reduced mitoch, not tca
used for ferm met

Question 7

what are kinoplastids (excavata)

Answer 7

contain kineoplast (mass of dna in single mitoch); mod’d organelle
still have nucleus
mostly aquatic

related to african sleeping sickness (tryanosoma brucei) which is chronic and invaes cns

Question 8

what are euglids (excavata)

Answer 8

non pathogenic
chemotropic and phototrophic
always aqautic (have flagella allowing them to move in water and change bw light and dark env)
feed via pgaocytosis

Question 9

what are alveolates

Answer 9

have alveoli (cytoplasmic sacs)
3 grps: ciliates, dinoflagellates, apicomplexans

Question 10

ciliates (alv)

Answer 10

have cilia
for motility and foraging
2 kinds of nuclei
1) micro - hold all genes resp for sex reprod
2) macro - contain all genes resp for basic cell functions

sex reprod like conjugation

Question 11

what are dinoflagellates (alv)

Answer 11

marine and freshwater phototrophs
flagella encircle cell causing it to spin
ex) Gonyaulax (cause red tide; biolum)

Question 12

what are apicomplexans (alv) (and apicoplasts)

Answer 12

non phototrophic obligate parasites
non motile adults take up nuts across mem
contain apicoplasts (unique organelles//degenerate chloroplasts lacking pigments but retaining some genes)

malaria and toxopasmosis

Question 13

toxoplasma gondii (alv, apic)

Answer 13

intracellular parasite w wide host specificty

Question 14

what are stramenophiles

Answer 14

chemoorganotrophs and phototrophs
flagella have short-hair like extensions
major grps = diatoms, oomycetes, golden algae, brown algae

Question 15

Diatoms (stram)

Answer 15

big part of plankton
surrounded by silica cell wall (exoskeleton liek)
prod/fix lots of organic carbon in ocean

Question 16

oomycetes (stram)

Answer 16

water molds displaying filamentous growth and coenocytic (multinucleated) hyphae

cell wall = cellulose
cells are flagellated

Question 17

green and brown algae (stram)

Answer 17

golden - unicell, marine and freshwater phototrophs (some chemoorganotrophs); most have 2 flagella for motility

brown - multicell, marine; also phototrophs

Question 18

what are amoebozoa

Answer 18

move and feed using pseudopods
grps = gymnamoebas, entamoebes, plasmodial and cellular slime molds

Question 19

gymnamoebes (amoeb)

Answer 19

free living in aquatic and soil env
move via pseudopods
feed via phagocytosis

Question 20

slime molds (amoeb)

Answer 20

motile
Can enter vegetative state (normal cell division) followed by spore like state (differentiation) then can germinate
plasmodial (acellular or cellular) can create multicell org

Question 21

what are fungi

Answer 21

not protists
imp for breakdown of organic compounds
have economic and research impact (genetics)

Question 22

what are the general features of fungi (6)

Answer 22

1.usu aerobic, chemoorganotrophs
2.secrete enz to breakdown macromols
3.most form hyphae (form network, 4.mycillium/mycorrhizae)
5.cell walls made of chitin
6.can also be parasitic w plants and animals

Question 23

how do fungi reprod

Answer 23

asex
-grow hyphal filaments
-prod spores
-cell division

sex
-prod sex spores by fusion of unicellular gametes or special hyphae or arise from fusion of 2 haploid cells (then meiosis/mitosis)

Question 24

what are some features of glomeromycota

Answer 24

-mycorrhizal symbionts t/f not host specific
-grow mutualistically w plants
—fung takes nuts, plants provide carbs (organic)

Question 25

features of ascomycota

Answer 25

-have saclike reprod struct
-able to break down many stable compounds (including lignin)
-good for studying genetics

Question 26

features of basidomycota

Answer 26

-can break down lignin and cellulose
-mushrooms, toadstools
-asex and sex reprod (haploid becomes dikaryotic w fruiting body ready to create diploid form)