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Geography > Topic 4: The UK's Evolving Physical Landscape > Flashcards

Topic 4: The UK's Evolving Physical Landscape Flashcards

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1
Q

Igneous rocks

A

Molten magma pushing into the crust then solidifying

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2
Q

Sedimentary rocks

A

Layers of sediment squeezed together to form rock

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3
Q

Metamorphic rocks

A

Heat and pressure on sedimentary rocks

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4
Q

Physical weathering

A

Freeze-thaw weathering and scree

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5
Q

Biological weathering

A

Plants and animals burrow into the ground and the ground breaks

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6
Q

Chemical weathering

A

Limestone reacts with acid rain and breaks down

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7
Q

Headland

A

A piece of land jutting out into the sea

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8
Q

Bay

A

A broad coastal inlet often with a beach

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9
Q

Discordant coastline

A

Where the geology of the rock is perpendicular to the sea

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10
Q

Concordant coastline

A

Where the geology of the rock is parallel to the sea

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11
Q

Hydraulic action

A

Waves pressurise the rock and force the cracks to widen. Power of the waves puts pressure on the cliff

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12
Q

Abrasion

A

When material scrapes along the side of the cliff a bit like sandpaper

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13
Q

Solution

A

Where there is a chemical reaction between the rocks and the water. Chemicals in the water dissolve the rock

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14
Q

Attrition

A

Where rocks hit each other in the sea and then the rocks get smaller and smaller

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15
Q

Wave cut notch

A

Where the sea erodes the soft rock faster than the hard rock leaving the hard rock hanging over the beach

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16
Q

Wave cut platform

A

When the hard rock collapses onto the beach creating rock pools

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17
Q

Stack

A

Where the sea erodes the headland so much that a bit of it is separated

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18
Q

Destructive waves

A

Where a powerful wave has a weak swash and a strong backwash and destroys the beach

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19
Q

Constructive waves

A

Where the wave has a strong swash and a weak backwash so it deposited its material

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20
Q

Fetch

A

The distance over which the wind has blown

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21
Q

Permeable

A

Where water can go through the rock

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22
Q

Prevailing wind

A

The direction in which the wind blows most often

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23
Q

Long shore drift

A

Where material is moved along the beach in the direction of the prevailing wind

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24
Q

Slumping

A

Where the water collects on top of the impermeable rock and then when it becomes water logged the top bit slips

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25
Q

Soft engineering

A

Where coastal management techniques use natural resources and don’t affect the environment

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26
Q

Hard engineering

A

Where coastal management techniques are unattractive and don’t support the environment

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27
Q

Extrusive rock

A

Minerals and interlocking crystals are small as the rock cools quickly

28
Q

Intrusive rock

A

Minerals and interlocking crystals are larger as the rock cools more slowly.

29
Q

Shoreline management plan

A

A plan about how a whole stretch of coast is managed rather than just parts of it

30
Q

Advance the line

A

Putting offshore breaks in so the sea breaks further away allowing the beach to build up

31
Q

Hold the line

A

Where you put in coastal defences to protect the coast

32
Q

Managed retreat

A

Where you let the coast retreat up to a certain point and then protect the coast

33
Q

Spit

A

Where material is transported in the direction of the prevailing wind, even if the coastline changes direction

34
Q

Bar

A

Where a spit completely closes off a bay

35
Q

Beach berm

A

A flat area on a beach that has been formed by deposition of beach material and wave action

36
Q

Spring tide

A

Where sea levels rise twice a month due to changes with the moon

37
Q

Storm surge

A

When the air pressure falls the sea levels rise by 10mm for every 1 millibar in air pressure

38
Q

Drainage basin

A

Place where the river gets its water from

39
Q

Estuary

A

Salt water meets fresh water

40
Q

Source

A

The start of a river

41
Q

Tributary

A

Smaller river that joins onto the bigger river

42
Q

Watershed

A

The edge of the drainage basin where water could go either way

43
Q

Infiltration

A

Movement of water into the soil from the surface

44
Q

Interception

A

Where the trees and vegetation stop the water from reaching the soil

45
Q

Groundwater flow

A

The flow of water stored in rocks

46
Q

Surface run-off

A

Where the water flows over the soil to the river

47
Q

Long profile

A

A line representing the course of the river from its source

48
Q

Suspension

A

Particles are picked up if the river has enough energy

49
Q

Traction

A

Large stones are dragged along

50
Q

Saltation

A

Smaller stones and pebbles are picked up and dropped again. Almost in a skipping motion

51
Q

Deposition

A

Dropping off a load when the river doesn’t have enough energy.

52
Q

Scree

A

Loose rock

53
Q

Interlocking spurs

A

Where the River has vertically cut into the rock and left a bit of more resistant rock jutting out of The Valley. Bits of land interlock with each other to form a V shape

54
Q

Mass movement

A

Where fragments of broken rock move down slope towards the river

55
Q

Rapid

A

Such as landslides. They happen very quickly

56
Q

Slow

A

Where rain dislodges soil particles and it is moved slightly. This happens very slowly over a long period of time but can still have great effects

57
Q

Thalweg

A

The fastest part of the river is in the middle

58
Q

Ox bow lake

A

The part of the river that is cut off

59
Q

Helicoidal flow

A

Where water naturally flows in a corkscrew pattern

60
Q

Floodplain

A

The flat part either side of the river

61
Q

Alluvium

A

Layers of mud and silt that have settled

62
Q

Levee

A

A buildup of mud and silt either side of the river

63
Q

Mud flat

A

When the river crashes into the sea, the river is forced to drop all of its material

64
Q

Erosion

A

Where rock or river bed is worn away

65
Q

Delta

A

Once a mud flat has occurred then the river has lost its path to the sea and therefore must find a new one. This causes a delta

66
Q

Antecedent rainfall

A

Where it has rained a lot recently and the soil is saturated

Geography (7 decks)

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