Topic 2: Development Dynamics Flashcards
Economic development
Where a country develops its income and the amount of money each person has
Political development
Growth in countries that links to government power, building of democracies and law
Social development
Growth in countries that links to health, welfare, education and the power of women
GDP per capita
Wealth of the country per person. Stands for Gross Domestic Product
Purchasing power parity
How much you can buy for $1. For example, in Malawi $1 will buy you so much more in the U.K
Fertility rate
Average number of deaths per woman
Primary products
Out of the land, air and sea. Low value. For example, coffee, tea or sugar
Cash crop
A crop that is grown to sell abroad.
Traditional society
Subsistence farming in low income countries
Pre- conditions for take off
Where the country starts to trade but only in primary products and they still require over seas aid.
Take off
The country starts to manufacture more and is able to stand on its own feet. Rapid political and social growth
The drive to maturity
This is where the country has a more diverse industry and there is growth in GDP per capita.
High mass consumption
Expansion of the middle class with a wide range of goods and sustainable growth.
Periphery
Outer limits or an edge of an area.
Top down approach
Government makes the decisions and the effects trickle down
Bottom up approach
These are generally smaller scale projects that are run by a non governmental organisation
Foreign direct investment
Any money or investment that comes from oversea companies
Containerisation
When imports arrive in massive containers on container ships
Outsourcing
Where a company moves services overseas as labour is cheaper
Rural to urban migration
Where people move from rural area to urban areas seeking jobs or a better life
Population structure
The number of each sex in each age group.
Youthful population
Where a high percentage of the population are aged 0 to 14.
Birth rate
The number of babies born per 1000 people per year.
Death rate
The number of people that die per 1000 people per year.
Dependency ratio
The proportion of people aged below 14 and above 65. It is calculated by adding both groups together and dividing by the number of people aged 15 to 64 and then multiplying by 100. The lower the number the greater the number of people who work and are less dependent.
Life expectancy
The average number of years a person is expected to live.
Infant mortality
The number of children per 1000 births who die before their first birthday.
High income countries
These are wealthy countries. They were called the rich global north.
Low income countries
These are poorer countries.
Newly industrialising countries
These are countries like Singapore that are rapidly developing. Sometimes known as the Asian Tigers.
Transnational Company
A company that operates in more than one country and therefore causes more globalisation.
BRICs
Brazil, Russia, India and China. Industrialisation has been rapid here and they are very big economic power.
Barriers to development
These are factors that stop a country from developing well. Factors like being dependent on primary products, suffering greatly from colonisation, suffering from debt, being landlocked etc. Think about Malawi as an example.
Rostow’s theory
Rostow believed that every country goes through five stages of development before becoming an entirely industrialised country.
Globalisation
This is where countries have increased their amount of global connections.
Secondary products
These are products that are manufactured or made.
Emerging counties
A growing country. An example is India.
India
Rapidly developing emerging country Pop. approx. 1.3 billion Rich and diverse cultural background Beautiful and varied landscape Large coastline allows development of ports to increase trade
India’s economy
GDP $0.3 trillion to $2.1 trillion from 1990 to 2015
Primary and secondary industry employ 69% of the workforce
Tertiary and quarternary industries account for 45% of GDP
In 1990, primary products were exported and manufactured goods were imported. In 2015, manufactured goods were exported and crude oil was exported.
Globalisation in India
More than 50% of Indians now own a mobile phone - small business can be started
12 major ports, around 20 international airports and extensive rail network make it easier to trade
Large TNCs outsource to India, bringing income, jobs and the latest technology
Government policy in India
Primary education made free and compulsory - more educated workforce helped to fuel development
Rail network being upgraded and new roads and airports being built which reduce travel time.
Development in India
Death rates and infant mortality rates have fallen due to better health care and health education
Fertility rate falling from 4.0 to 2.4 due to growing wealth and better education
All of this causes population growth
Positive impacts of economic development
All age groups have better health (elderly people live longer, lower infant and maternal mortality rate)
Higher education has given young graduates access to better jobs
Gender equality - literacy rate for Indian women has risen from 34% in 1991 to 59% in 2011
Negative impacts of economic development
Rapid industrialisation means an increase in dangerous jobs
Children in rural areas may get a poor education - nearly 50% of teachers have only completed secondary education
In Delhi, crimes against women increased by 20% from 2014-2015
When men find jobs in cities, women are left to care and provide for the whole household single handedly
Environmental impacts of economic development
Industrialisation means more fossil fuels needed which is contributing to climate change - India releases almost 7% of global greenhouse gas emissions
More factories and cars means more air pollution which causes half a million people in India to die from diseases related to air pollution every year
India’s global influence is increasing
India and the USA:
USA expects the economic development to increase trade, employment and economic growth in both countries
USA also sees India as a huge market for renewable and nuclear energy because of the increasingly wealthy people and growth of industry
India and the EU:
EU is one of India’s biggest markets a trading partners. EU supports health and education programmes in India to promote continued development
Negatives of foreign influences
Increasing tension between India and China as they both have rapidly growing economies
Developed nations are also concerned about losing economic power as India grows
Positives of foreign influence
Improved relations mean India can cooperate with other counties on global issues
Foreign direct investment
TNCs cause environmental problems
Large global retail chains offer cheap prices on goods - Indian street traders are concerned that this will destroy their livelihood as people choose to shop in supermarkets instead
