Topic 2: Development Dynamics

Question 1

Economic development

Answer 1

Where a country develops its income and the amount of money each person has

Question 2

Political development

Answer 2

Growth in countries that links to government power, building of democracies and law

Question 3

Social development

Answer 3

Growth in countries that links to health, welfare, education and the power of women

Question 4

GDP per capita

Answer 4

Wealth of the country per person. Stands for Gross Domestic Product

Question 5

Purchasing power parity

Answer 5

How much you can buy for $1. For example, in Malawi $1 will buy you so much more in the U.K

Question 6

Fertility rate

Answer 6

Average number of deaths per woman

Question 7

Primary products

Answer 7

Out of the land, air and sea. Low value. For example, coffee, tea or sugar

Question 8

Cash crop

Answer 8

A crop that is grown to sell abroad.

Question 9

Traditional society

Answer 9

Subsistence farming in low income countries

Question 10

Pre- conditions for take off

Answer 10

Where the country starts to trade but only in primary products and they still require over seas aid.

Question 11

Take off

Answer 11

The country starts to manufacture more and is able to stand on its own feet. Rapid political and social growth

Question 12

The drive to maturity

Answer 12

This is where the country has a more diverse industry and there is growth in GDP per capita.

Question 13

High mass consumption

Answer 13

Expansion of the middle class with a wide range of goods and sustainable growth.

Question 14

Periphery

Answer 14

Outer limits or an edge of an area.

Question 15

Top down approach

Answer 15

Government makes the decisions and the effects trickle down

Question 16

Bottom up approach

Answer 16

These are generally smaller scale projects that are run by a non governmental organisation

Question 17

Foreign direct investment

Answer 17

Any money or investment that comes from oversea companies

Question 18

Containerisation

Answer 18

When imports arrive in massive containers on container ships

Question 19

Outsourcing

Answer 19

Where a company moves services overseas as labour is cheaper

Question 20

Rural to urban migration

Answer 20

Where people move from rural area to urban areas seeking jobs or a better life

Question 21

Population structure

Answer 21

The number of each sex in each age group.

Question 22

Youthful population

Answer 22

Where a high percentage of the population are aged 0 to 14.

Question 23

Birth rate

Answer 23

The number of babies born per 1000 people per year.

Question 24

Death rate

Answer 24

The number of people that die per 1000 people per year.

Question 25

Dependency ratio

Answer 25

The proportion of people aged below 14 and above 65. It is calculated by adding both groups together and dividing by the number of people aged 15 to 64 and then multiplying by 100. The lower the number the greater the number of people who work and are less dependent.

Question 26

Life expectancy

Answer 26

The average number of years a person is expected to live.

Question 27

Infant mortality

Answer 27

The number of children per 1000 births who die before their first birthday.

Question 28

High income countries

Answer 28

These are wealthy countries. They were called the rich global north.

Question 29

Low income countries

Answer 29

These are poorer countries.

Question 30

Newly industrialising countries

Answer 30

These are countries like Singapore that are rapidly developing. Sometimes known as the Asian Tigers.

Question 31

Transnational Company

Answer 31

A company that operates in more than one country and therefore causes more globalisation.

Question 32

BRICs

Answer 32

Brazil, Russia, India and China. Industrialisation has been rapid here and they are very big economic power.

Question 33

Barriers to development

Answer 33

These are factors that stop a country from developing well. Factors like being dependent on primary products, suffering greatly from colonisation, suffering from debt, being landlocked etc. Think about Malawi as an example.

Question 34

Rostow’s theory

Answer 34

Rostow believed that every country goes through five stages of development before becoming an entirely industrialised country.

Question 35

Globalisation

Answer 35

This is where countries have increased their amount of global connections.

Question 36

Secondary products

Answer 36

These are products that are manufactured or made.

Question 37

Emerging counties

Answer 37

A growing country. An example is India.

Question 38

India

Answer 38

``` Rapidly developing emerging country Pop. approx. 1.3 billion Rich and diverse cultural background Beautiful and varied landscape Large coastline allows development of ports to increase trade ```

Question 39

India’s economy

Answer 39

GDP $0.3 trillion to $2.1 trillion from 1990 to 2015 Primary and secondary industry employ 69% of the workforce Tertiary and quarternary industries account for 45% of GDP In 1990, primary products were exported and manufactured goods were imported. In 2015, manufactured goods were exported and crude oil was exported.

Question 40

Globalisation in India

Answer 40

More than 50% of Indians now own a mobile phone - small business can be started 12 major ports, around 20 international airports and extensive rail network make it easier to trade Large TNCs outsource to India, bringing income, jobs and the latest technology

Question 41

Government policy in India

Answer 41

Primary education made free and compulsory - more educated workforce helped to fuel development Rail network being upgraded and new roads and airports being built which reduce travel time.

Question 42

Development in India

Answer 42

Death rates and infant mortality rates have fallen due to better health care and health education Fertility rate falling from 4.0 to 2.4 due to growing wealth and better education All of this causes population growth

Question 43

Positive impacts of economic development

Answer 43

All age groups have better health (elderly people live longer, lower infant and maternal mortality rate) Higher education has given young graduates access to better jobs Gender equality - literacy rate for Indian women has risen from 34% in 1991 to 59% in 2011

Question 44

Negative impacts of economic development

Answer 44

Rapid industrialisation means an increase in dangerous jobs Children in rural areas may get a poor education - nearly 50% of teachers have only completed secondary education In Delhi, crimes against women increased by 20% from 2014-2015 When men find jobs in cities, women are left to care and provide for the whole household single handedly

Question 45

Environmental impacts of economic development

Answer 45

Industrialisation means more fossil fuels needed which is contributing to climate change - India releases almost 7% of global greenhouse gas emissions More factories and cars means more air pollution which causes half a million people in India to die from diseases related to air pollution every year

Question 46

India’s global influence is increasing

Answer 46

India and the USA: USA expects the economic development to increase trade, employment and economic growth in both countries USA also sees India as a huge market for renewable and nuclear energy because of the increasingly wealthy people and growth of industry India and the EU: EU is one of India’s biggest markets a trading partners. EU supports health and education programmes in India to promote continued development

Question 47

Negatives of foreign influences

Answer 47

Increasing tension between India and China as they both have rapidly growing economies Developed nations are also concerned about losing economic power as India grows

Question 48

Positives of foreign influence

Answer 48

Improved relations mean India can cooperate with other counties on global issues

Question 49

Foreign direct investment

Answer 49

TNCs cause environmental problems Large global retail chains offer cheap prices on goods - Indian street traders are concerned that this will destroy their livelihood as people choose to shop in supermarkets instead