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T1 PHYSIOLOGY > Topic 4 - Skeletal System > Flashcards

Topic 4 - Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Some different functions of ____ include:
- Support
- Protection
- Movement
- Mineral homeostasis
- Blood cell production
- Storage

A

Bone

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2
Q

The long main portion of the bone.

A

Diaphysis (aka. Body, Shaft)

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3
Q

The ends of the bone and each long bone has 2 of these structures.

A

Epiphyses

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4
Q

The regions between the diaphysis and the epiphyses, where you get the tapering/expansion. Each long bone has 2 of these structures.

A

Metaphyses

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5
Q

A cartilagenous area within the metaphysis of a growing bone in an adolescent. Fracturing a bone as an adolescent can cause damage to this area.

A

Epiphyseal Growth Plate

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6
Q

The remaining structure once growth stops and is found in a skeletally mature person.

A

Epiphyseal Line

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7
Q

A thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the epiphyses.

A

Articular Cartilage

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8
Q

A tough connective tissue covering that surrounds every part of bone, except where there is cartilage. It is well vascularized and innervated. It protects, nourishes and heals bone, while also providing an attachment for tendons and ligaments.

A

Periosteum

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9
Q

The _____ layer of the periosteum is tough, supportive and protective.

A

Outer

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10
Q

The _____ layer of the periosteum has bone forming cells.

A

Inner

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11
Q

The space within the diaphysis containing 2 substances.

A

Medullary (aka. Marrow) Cavity

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12
Q

What are the 2 substances found in the medullary cavity?

A

1) Red Marrow
2) Yellow Marrow

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13
Q

A substance found in the medullary cavity for blood cell formation.

A

Red Marrow

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14
Q

A substance found in the medullary cavity for fat storage.

A

Yellow Marrow

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15
Q

Bone is classified as dense __________ tissue.

A

Connective

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16
Q

Bone is classified as:
- Water ( ___%)
- Collagen ( ___%)
- Mineral salts (___%)

A

25%
25%
50%

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17
Q

Some different types of ____ cells are:
- Osteoprogenitor (aka. Osteogenic) cells
- Osteoblasts
- Osteocytes
- Osteoclasts

A

Bone

18
Q

Bone cells that are active during normal growth, healing and cyclical bone replacement.

A

Osteoprogenitor (aka. Osteogenic) Cells

19
Q

Bone building cells.

A

Osteoblasts

20
Q

Mature bone cells.

A

Osteocytes

21
Q

Bone “eating” cells that are responsible for breaking down or cleaning up bone.

A

Osteoclasts

22
Q

What are the 2 types of bone?

A

1) Compact
2) Spongy

23
Q

The external layer of all bones that provides protection and support. This is what the periosteum is bound to.

A

Compact (aka. Cortical, Dense) Bone

24
Q

The functional unit of compact bone that has a cylindrical structure.

A

Osteon (aka. Haversian Systems)

25
Q

A hole through the centre of the osteon, through which blood and lymphatic vessels run.

A

Central (aka. Haversian) Canal

26
Q

Rings of hard, calcified bone matrix around the central canal that make up the osteon.

A

Concentric Lamellae

27
Q

Spaces between the rings (concentric lamellae) containing osteocytes.

A

Lacunae

28
Q

Small channels sticking out in all directions from the lacunae that are filled with extracellular fluid. They allow osteocytes to communicate with each other and maintain homeostasis of a larger structure.

A

Canaliculi

29
Q

Holes which run transversely to connect the inner and outer portions of the bone.

A

Volkmann’s (aka. Transverse Perforating) Canals

30
Q

A lighter type of bone that still has strength, and contains red bone marrow in the spaces. It is designed for lower stresses or stresses from different directions, therefore is found more at the ends of bone.

A

Spongy (aka Cancellous) Bone

31
Q

The functional unit of spongy bone that contain osteocytes in lacunae connected by canaliculi.

A

Trabeculae

32
Q

T/F - Bone is not well vascularized.

A

False - Bone IS well vascularized.

33
Q

Arteries that enter the diaphysis at multiple points (Volkmann’s canals) to supply the periosteum and outer compact bone.

A

Periosteal Arteries

34
Q

Arteries that enter the diaphysis via the nutrient foramen to supply the inner compact bone, spongy bone and red bone marrow.

A

Nutrient Arteries

35
Q

Arteries that supply the metaphysis.

A

Metaphyseal Arteries

36
Q

Arteries that supply the epiphysis.

A

Epiphyseal Arteries

37
Q

Bone is in a constant state of ___________.

A

Remodelling

38
Q

From birth to adolescence, bone growth is _______ than bone loss.

A

Greater

39
Q

Long bones lengthen through growth at the epiphyseal ______ ______ and get thicker by osteoblasts in the __________ laying new bone at the periphery.

A

Growth Plates
Periosteum

40
Q

At what age does maximum bone density occur?

A

25

41
Q

In _____ adults, bone growth is about equal to bone loss.

A

Young

42
Q

From ______ age, bone loss exceeds bone growth and this can be affected by changes in ____ and lifestyle.

A

Middle
Diet

T1 PHYSIOLOGY (15 decks)

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