Topic 4 - Skeletal System Flashcards
Some different functions of ____ include:
- Support
- Protection
- Movement
- Mineral homeostasis
- Blood cell production
- Storage
Bone
The long main portion of the bone.
Diaphysis (aka. Body, Shaft)
The ends of the bone and each long bone has 2 of these structures.
Epiphyses
The regions between the diaphysis and the epiphyses, where you get the tapering/expansion. Each long bone has 2 of these structures.
Metaphyses
A cartilagenous area within the metaphysis of a growing bone in an adolescent. Fracturing a bone as an adolescent can cause damage to this area.
Epiphyseal Growth Plate
The remaining structure once growth stops and is found in a skeletally mature person.
Epiphyseal Line
A thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the epiphyses.
Articular Cartilage
A tough connective tissue covering that surrounds every part of bone, except where there is cartilage. It is well vascularized and innervated. It protects, nourishes and heals bone, while also providing an attachment for tendons and ligaments.
Periosteum
The _____ layer of the periosteum is tough, supportive and protective.
Outer
The _____ layer of the periosteum has bone forming cells.
Inner
The space within the diaphysis containing 2 substances.
Medullary (aka. Marrow) Cavity
What are the 2 substances found in the medullary cavity?
1) Red Marrow
2) Yellow Marrow
A substance found in the medullary cavity for blood cell formation.
Red Marrow
A substance found in the medullary cavity for fat storage.
Yellow Marrow
Bone is classified as dense __________ tissue.
Connective
Bone is classified as:
- Water ( ___%)
- Collagen ( ___%)
- Mineral salts (___%)
25%
25%
50%
Some different types of ____ cells are:
- Osteoprogenitor (aka. Osteogenic) cells
- Osteoblasts
- Osteocytes
- Osteoclasts
Bone
Bone cells that are active during normal growth, healing and cyclical bone replacement.
Osteoprogenitor (aka. Osteogenic) Cells
Bone building cells.
Osteoblasts
Mature bone cells.
Osteocytes
Bone “eating” cells that are responsible for breaking down or cleaning up bone.
Osteoclasts
What are the 2 types of bone?
1) Compact
2) Spongy
The external layer of all bones that provides protection and support. This is what the periosteum is bound to.
Compact (aka. Cortical, Dense) Bone
The functional unit of compact bone that has a cylindrical structure.
Osteon (aka. Haversian Systems)
A hole through the centre of the osteon, through which blood and lymphatic vessels run.
Central (aka. Haversian) Canal
Rings of hard, calcified bone matrix around the central canal that make up the osteon.
Concentric Lamellae
Spaces between the rings (concentric lamellae) containing osteocytes.
Lacunae
Small channels sticking out in all directions from the lacunae that are filled with extracellular fluid. They allow osteocytes to communicate with each other and maintain homeostasis of a larger structure.
Canaliculi
Holes which run transversely to connect the inner and outer portions of the bone.
Volkmann’s (aka. Transverse Perforating) Canals
A lighter type of bone that still has strength, and contains red bone marrow in the spaces. It is designed for lower stresses or stresses from different directions, therefore is found more at the ends of bone.
Spongy (aka Cancellous) Bone
The functional unit of spongy bone that contain osteocytes in lacunae connected by canaliculi.
Trabeculae
T/F - Bone is not well vascularized.
False - Bone IS well vascularized.
Arteries that enter the diaphysis at multiple points (Volkmann’s canals) to supply the periosteum and outer compact bone.
Periosteal Arteries
Arteries that enter the diaphysis via the nutrient foramen to supply the inner compact bone, spongy bone and red bone marrow.
Nutrient Arteries
Arteries that supply the metaphysis.
Metaphyseal Arteries
Arteries that supply the epiphysis.
Epiphyseal Arteries
Bone is in a constant state of ___________.
Remodelling
From birth to adolescence, bone growth is _______ than bone loss.
Greater
Long bones lengthen through growth at the epiphyseal ______ ______ and get thicker by osteoblasts in the __________ laying new bone at the periphery.
Growth Plates
Periosteum
At what age does maximum bone density occur?
25
In _____ adults, bone growth is about equal to bone loss.
Young
From ______ age, bone loss exceeds bone growth and this can be affected by changes in ____ and lifestyle.
Middle
Diet
