Topic 1 - Basic Chemistry Review, Cells & Tissues Flashcards
Ultramicroscopic building blocks of matter. Contain a nucleus (protons and neutrons) and surrounding electrons. The number of protons and electrons are equal.
Atoms
When two or more atoms bond to form a stable structure.
Molecule
A substance made of different atoms (e.g. H2O, CH4).
Compound
A substance made entirely of the same atoms (e.g. oxygen).
Element
An atom with an unequal number of protons and electrons (it therefore has a positive and negative charge).
Ion
An atom or molecule with an unpaired electron.
Free Radical
There is energy stored in the bonds between atoms and molecules. A ________ ________ occurs when these bonds are formed or are broken.
Chemical Reaction
The sum of all chemical reactions occurring in the body.
Metabolism
The building phase of metabolism. Simple molecules are combined to make more complex ones. This requires/uses energy.
Anabolism
The breaking down phase of metabolism. Complex molecules are broken down into simpler ones. This produces/releases energy.
Catabolism
The “energy currency” of the body that provides a form of energy that is usable by all cells.
ATP (aka. Adenosine Triphosphate)
The energy stored in ATP is “_____” to perform many very important body functions including:
- Muscle contraction
- Cell division
- Movement of substances across cell membranes
- Making larger molecules out of smaller molecules
“Spent”
The energy needed to reform ATP is “______” by breaking down (catabolizing) food.
“Gained”
The process of getting the energy needed to perform various functions by breaking ATP which releases energy.
Consuming / “Spending” ATP
The process of attaching the phosphate back onto ADP to reform ATP which requires energy.
Reforming / “Gaining” ATP
What 3 substances do cells get energy from?
1) Carbohydrates
2) Fats
3) Proteins
Substances used to make energy or reform ATP.
Energy Substrates
Depending on the cell, the demand for energy and the energy substrates available, different substrates will be used.
Cellular Preference
A series of reactions that transfer energy from food to ATP.
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration that happens without oxygen present/used.
Anaerobic
Cellular respiration that happens with oxygen present/being used.
Aerobic
With ____________ metabolism, cells use glycogen or blood glucose and the energy released in breaking it down is used to reform ADP + Pi into ATP. This is the preferred energy substrate.
Carbohydrate Metabolism
The process of making ATP from glucose, occurring in the cell cytoplasm. A molecule of glucose is broken into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid and 2 ATP.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis in which pyruvic acid enters the mitochondria and a series of reactions yield 26-28 more ATP. This occurs in the ________ of oxygen.
Presence
Glycolysis in which pyruvic acid does not go into the mitochondria. It is converted into lactic acid, which quickly converts to lactate. This occurs in the _______ of oxygen.
Absence
The process of fat being used to generate ATP, but only in the presence of oxygen.
Fat Metabolism
The breakdown of stored fat into glycerol and fatty acids, which can be used to make ATP. The amount of ATP generated depends on the size of the fat.
Lipolysis
Liver cells make ______ ______, which are used by other cells (e.g. heart, nervous system, kidneys) to make ATP.
Ketone Bodies
The process of proteins being broken down into amino acids. This takes longer and produces extra wastes. Only small amounts are used to generate ATP.
Protein Metabolism
Substances needed for body structure and function.
Nutrients
A key element that cells need in order to function.
Oxygen
Compounds that contain no carbon, such as water, acids, bases and many salts.
Inorganic Compounds
Accounts for about 65% of body weight and nearly all chemical reactions occur in this.
Water
A mixture of two or more substances.
Solution
The part of a solution that dissolves the substance of lesser amount (usually the greater amount).
Solvent
The part of a solution that is being dissolved (usually the lesser amount).
Solute
When inorganic compounds dissolve in water, they __________ into ions and become surrounded by water molecules.
Dissociate
A substance that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions (H+).
Acid
A substance that dissociates into one or more hydroxide ions (OH-).
Base
A substance dissociates into positive or negative ions (no H+ or OH-).
Salt
The more hydrogen ions (H+) dissolved in a solution, the more ______ it is.
Acidic
The more hydroxide ions (OH-) dissolved in a solution, the more _____ it is.
Basic (aka. Alkaline)
The scale in which acids and bases are ranked depending on how strong or weak they are. Values range from 0-14, with 7 being neutral. The body doesn’t tolerate significant changes in this.
pH Scale
Compounds containing carbon, such as ATP, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids.
Organic
Large, complex molecule structures made up of amino acids.
Proteins
Match the different types of proteins with their role.
1) Contractile
2) Transport
3) Structural
4) Immunological
5) Catalytic
6) Regulatory
A) Framework of body parts
B) Hormones
C) Shorten muscle cells
D) Regulate chemical reactions
E) Carry substances in the body
F) Help fight invading pathogens
1) Contractile = C) Shorten muscle cells
2) Transport = E) Carry substances in the body
3) Structural = A) Framework of body parts
4) Immunological = F) Help fight invading pathogens
5) Catalytic = D) Regulate chemical reactions
6) Regulatory = B) Hormones
Fats and other fat-like substances that are necessary for many different body functions.
Lipids
Energy substrates of lipids.
Fatty Acids
The storage form of excess calories in lipids.
Triglycerides
Function primarily as an energy substrate and include sugars and starches.
Carbohydrates
What is the storage form of glucose?
Glycogen
What are 2 types of nucleic acids?
1) DNA
2) RNA
Your genetic material that controls most cell activities and is stored in the nucleus.
DNA
Relays genetic instructions to guide protein synthesis.
RNA
The smallest functional unit that can retain the necessary characteristics for life.
Cell
A group of similar cells that perform a similar function.
Tissue
What are the 4 major groups of tissue?
1) Epithelial
2) Connective
3) Muscular
4) Nervous
Tissue that covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs and forms glands (e.g. skin, inner surface of stomach).
Epithelial
Tissue that gives structure and connects things (e.g. fascia).
Connective
Specialized tissue that uses ATP to produce force or contract.
Muscular
Tissue that helps make up the nervous system.
Nervous
A part of the body composed of at least two different kinds of tissue. All the tissues involved that contribute to a specific function or activity.
Organ
A group of organs related to each other that perform functions together.
Organ System
Organ systems operating together.
Organism
The condition of balance in the body’s internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body’s many internal regulatory processes. The different parts of the body operate within specific parameters and mechanisms keep the internal environment within those limits.
Homeostasis
The body is _______ and all structures contribute to maintaining homeostasis. When something disrupts homeostasis, there are mechanisms that will have the ________ effect. Most disruptions are mild and _________ and the return to homeostasis is relatively quick.
Dynamic
Opposite
Temporary
A cycle of events in which the internal environment is monitored, evaluated, changed, re-monitored, re-evaluated, etc.
Feedback Systems (aka. Loops)
The variable being monitored (e.g. body temperature).
Controlled Condition
Whatever disrupts or changes the controlled condition. These disruptions can be internal or external.
Stimulus
What are the 4 components of a feedback system?
1) Sensor/Receptor
2) Transmission Pathways
3) Control Centre
4) Effector(s)
A structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition. They detect chemical, electrical and mechanical changes. It sends information to the control centre via a transmission pathway.
Sensor/Receptor
The nervous and blood vessel pathways that relay messages between the components of a feedback system.
Transmission Pathways
Comprises the nervous and endocrine systems and sets the range of values within which the controlled condition should be maintained. Evaluates the input received, determines the body’s response, and sends commands.
Control Centre
The structure that produces a response to a given stimulus based on the commands it receives.
Effector
