Topic 1 - Basic Chemistry Review, Cells & Tissues Flashcards
Ultramicroscopic building blocks of matter. Contain a nucleus (protons and neutrons) and surrounding electrons. The number of protons and electrons are equal.
Atoms
When two or more atoms bond to form a stable structure.
Molecule
A substance made of different atoms (e.g. H2O, CH4).
Compound
A substance made entirely of the same atoms (e.g. oxygen).
Element
An atom with an unequal number of protons and electrons (it therefore has a positive and negative charge).
Ion
An atom or molecule with an unpaired electron.
Free Radical
There is energy stored in the bonds between atoms and molecules. A ________ ________ occurs when these bonds are formed or are broken.
Chemical Reaction
The sum of all chemical reactions occurring in the body.
Metabolism
The building phase of metabolism. Simple molecules are combined to make more complex ones. This requires/uses energy.
Anabolism
The breaking down phase of metabolism. Complex molecules are broken down into simpler ones. This produces/releases energy.
Catabolism
The “energy currency” of the body that provides a form of energy that is usable by all cells.
ATP (aka. Adenosine Triphosphate)
The energy stored in ATP is “_____” to perform many very important body functions including:
- Muscle contraction
- Cell division
- Movement of substances across cell membranes
- Making larger molecules out of smaller molecules
“Spent”
The energy needed to reform ATP is “______” by breaking down (catabolizing) food.
“Gained”
The process of getting the energy needed to perform various functions by breaking ATP which releases energy.
Consuming / “Spending” ATP
The process of attaching the phosphate back onto ADP to reform ATP which requires energy.
Reforming / “Gaining” ATP
What 3 substances do cells get energy from?
1) Carbohydrates
2) Fats
3) Proteins
Substances used to make energy or reform ATP.
Energy Substrates
Depending on the cell, the demand for energy and the energy substrates available, different substrates will be used.
Cellular Preference
A series of reactions that transfer energy from food to ATP.
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration that happens without oxygen present/used.
Anaerobic
Cellular respiration that happens with oxygen present/being used.
Aerobic
With ____________ metabolism, cells use glycogen or blood glucose and the energy released in breaking it down is used to reform ADP + Pi into ATP. This is the preferred energy substrate.
Carbohydrate Metabolism
The process of making ATP from glucose, occurring in the cell cytoplasm. A molecule of glucose is broken into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid and 2 ATP.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis in which pyruvic acid enters the mitochondria and a series of reactions yield 26-28 more ATP. This occurs in the ________ of oxygen.
Presence
Glycolysis in which pyruvic acid does not go into the mitochondria. It is converted into lactic acid, which quickly converts to lactate. This occurs in the _______ of oxygen.
Absence
The process of fat being used to generate ATP, but only in the presence of oxygen.
Fat Metabolism
The breakdown of stored fat into glycerol and fatty acids, which can be used to make ATP. The amount of ATP generated depends on the size of the fat.
Lipolysis
Liver cells make ______ ______, which are used by other cells (e.g. heart, nervous system, kidneys) to make ATP.
Ketone Bodies
The process of proteins being broken down into amino acids. This takes longer and produces extra wastes. Only small amounts are used to generate ATP.
Protein Metabolism
Substances needed for body structure and function.
Nutrients
A key element that cells need in order to function.
Oxygen
Compounds that contain no carbon, such as water, acids, bases and many salts.
Inorganic Compounds
Accounts for about 65% of body weight and nearly all chemical reactions occur in this.
Water
A mixture of two or more substances.
Solution
The part of a solution that dissolves the substance of lesser amount (usually the greater amount).
Solvent
The part of a solution that is being dissolved (usually the lesser amount).
Solute
When inorganic compounds dissolve in water, they __________ into ions and become surrounded by water molecules.
Dissociate
A substance that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions (H+).
Acid
A substance that dissociates into one or more hydroxide ions (OH-).
Base
A substance dissociates into positive or negative ions (no H+ or OH-).
Salt
The more hydrogen ions (H+) dissolved in a solution, the more ______ it is.
Acidic
The more hydroxide ions (OH-) dissolved in a solution, the more _____ it is.
Basic (aka. Alkaline)
The scale in which acids and bases are ranked depending on how strong or weak they are. Values range from 0-14, with 7 being neutral. The body doesn’t tolerate significant changes in this.
pH Scale
Compounds containing carbon, such as ATP, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids.
Organic
Large, complex molecule structures made up of amino acids.
Proteins
Match the different types of proteins with their role.
1) Contractile
2) Transport
3) Structural
4) Immunological
5) Catalytic
6) Regulatory
A) Framework of body parts
B) Hormones
C) Shorten muscle cells
D) Regulate chemical reactions
E) Carry substances in the body
F) Help fight invading pathogens
1) Contractile = C) Shorten muscle cells
2) Transport = E) Carry substances in the body
3) Structural = A) Framework of body parts
4) Immunological = F) Help fight invading pathogens
5) Catalytic = D) Regulate chemical reactions
6) Regulatory = B) Hormones
Fats and other fat-like substances that are necessary for many different body functions.
Lipids
Energy substrates of lipids.
Fatty Acids
The storage form of excess calories in lipids.
Triglycerides
Function primarily as an energy substrate and include sugars and starches.
Carbohydrates
What is the storage form of glucose?
Glycogen
What are 2 types of nucleic acids?
1) DNA
2) RNA
Your genetic material that controls most cell activities and is stored in the nucleus.
DNA
Relays genetic instructions to guide protein synthesis.
RNA
The smallest functional unit that can retain the necessary characteristics for life.
Cell
A group of similar cells that perform a similar function.
Tissue
What are the 4 major groups of tissue?
1) Epithelial
2) Connective
3) Muscular
4) Nervous
Tissue that covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs and forms glands (e.g. skin, inner surface of stomach).
Epithelial
Tissue that gives structure and connects things (e.g. fascia).
Connective
Specialized tissue that uses ATP to produce force or contract.
Muscular
Tissue that helps make up the nervous system.
Nervous
A part of the body composed of at least two different kinds of tissue. All the tissues involved that contribute to a specific function or activity.
Organ
A group of organs related to each other that perform functions together.
Organ System
Organ systems operating together.
Organism
The condition of balance in the body’s internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body’s many internal regulatory processes. The different parts of the body operate within specific parameters and mechanisms keep the internal environment within those limits.
Homeostasis
The body is _______ and all structures contribute to maintaining homeostasis. When something disrupts homeostasis, there are mechanisms that will have the ________ effect. Most disruptions are mild and _________ and the return to homeostasis is relatively quick.
Dynamic
Opposite
Temporary
A cycle of events in which the internal environment is monitored, evaluated, changed, re-monitored, re-evaluated, etc.
Feedback Systems (aka. Loops)
The variable being monitored (e.g. body temperature).
Controlled Condition
Whatever disrupts or changes the controlled condition. These disruptions can be internal or external.
Stimulus
What are the 4 components of a feedback system?
1) Sensor/Receptor
2) Transmission Pathways
3) Control Centre
4) Effector(s)
A structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition. They detect chemical, electrical and mechanical changes. It sends information to the control centre via a transmission pathway.
Sensor/Receptor
The nervous and blood vessel pathways that relay messages between the components of a feedback system.
Transmission Pathways
Comprises the nervous and endocrine systems and sets the range of values within which the controlled condition should be maintained. Evaluates the input received, determines the body’s response, and sends commands.
Control Centre
The structure that produces a response to a given stimulus based on the commands it receives.
Effector
The inside of the body is not _______, therefore homeostatic mechanisms also function to maintain key differences in the body.
Uniform
Reverse changes in the internal environment. They are very stable and the most predominant system.
Negative Feedback System
Strengthen changes in the internal environment. They are inherently unstable and the most uncommon system. Must have a mechanism that shuts down the response.
Positive Feedback System
The adjustment of an organism to its environment for a good reason.
Adaptation
The adjustment of an organism to counterbalance a defect.
Compensation
A flexible, sturdy barrier surrounding the cell contents that separates the cell from the external environment. Contains membrane proteins and is involved in communication between cells and their environment.
Plasma (aka. Cell) Membrane
Allowing some substances to pass through (in and out) and not others.
Selectively Permeable
Fluid inside the cell.
Intracellular Fluid (aka. Cytosol)
Fluid inside the cell.
Intracellular Fluid (aka. Cytosol)
Fluid outside the cell containing many substances that the cell extracts based on its needs.
Extracellular Fluid
Fluid outside the cell containing many substances that the cell extracts based on its needs.
Extracellular Fluid
What are the 3 types of extracellular fluid?
1) Interstitial Fluid
2) Plasma
3) Cerebrospinal Fluid
Extracellular fluid that exists between cells.
Interstitial Fluid
Extracellular fluid in blood vessels.
Plasma
Extracellular fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Proteins embedded within the membrane or attached to one side of the membrane (inside or outside).
Membrane Proteins
________ proteins function as:
- Selective channels
- Receptors
- Identify the cell
- Strengthen & support cell membranes
Membrane
Finger-like projections of the plasma membrane that increase surface area and absorption of nutrients.
Microvilli
The contents of a cell (everything inside the plasma membrane, not including the nucleus). Functions as storage and cell metabolism.
Cytoplasm
What are the 2 components of the cytoplasm?
1) Intracellular Fluid/Cytosol
2) Organelles
A network of protein filaments within the cytosol.
Cytoskeleton
Some functions of the ____________ include:
- Structural framework for cell shape
- Scaffold for the organization & movement of organelles
- Force transmission
- Cell movement
Cytoskeleton
A rounded structure usually located near the centre of the cell that is responsible for the cell’s metabolism, growth and reproduction. Contains the cell’s DNA.
Nucleus
Nuclei are present in all human cells except for ___ _____cells.
Red Blood
The site of protein synthesis.
Ribosomes
The site of protein synthesis where ribosomes are attached.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (rER)
Makes lipid molecules, regulates calcium within the cell and regulates metabolism.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (sER)
Processes, sorts, packages and delivers molecules to the plasma membrane or around the cell.
Golgi Complex (aka. Apparatus, Body)
Break down substances that the cell has taken in or normal parts of the cell that are damaged.
Lysosomes
Power plants of the cell that transform organic compounds into ATP that is easily accessible to the cell.
Mitochondria
Short, hair-like projections extending from the surface of the cell. Their movement causes steady movement of fluid/particles along the cell surface.
Cilia
Similar to cilia, but longer and they move the cell.
Flagella
What are the 2 types of membrane transport?
1) Passive Transport
2) Active Transport
A type of membrane transport in which no energy is needed to move the substance across a membrane down its concentration gradient.
Passive Transport
A type of membrane transport in which energy is needed to move the substance across a membrane against its concentration gradient.
Active Transport
A difference in the concentration of a chemical from one place to another. It is formed and maintained by moving substances in and out, as well as being selectively permeable.
Concentration Gradient
What are the 2 types of passive transport?
1) Diffusion
2) Osmosis
Movement of molecules across the plasma membrane down their concentration gradient from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Diffusion
A type of diffusion in which molecules move straight through the plasma membrane.
Simple Diffusion
A type of diffusion in which molecules go through membrane proteins across the plasma membrane.
Facilitated Diffusion
Movement of water across a selectively permeable plasma membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration.
Osmosis
T/F - Osmosis only occurs when a membrane is permeable to water and not to certain solutes.
True
What are the 3 types of active transport?
1) Endocytosis
2) Phagocytosis
3) Exocytosis
A fast way of moving substances.
Transport in Vesicles
A small spherical sac.
Vesicle
A type of active transport in which extracellular materials are brought into a cell in a vesicle formed by the plasma membrane.
Endocytosis
A type of active transport in which vesicles formed in a cell fuse with the plasma membrane and release materials out of the cell.
Exocytosis
A type of active transport and a form of endocytosis in which the cell engulfs large solid particles like bacteria, viruses and worn-out cells.
Phagocytosis
What are the 3 types of cell junctions?
1) Tight Junctions
2) Anchoring Junctions
3) Gap Junctions
A type of junction that prevents the passage of substances between cells.
Tight Junctions
A type of junction that anchors cells to one another.
Anchoring Junctions
A type of junction that provides channels to allow substances to pass between cells, enabling rapid communication.
Gap Junctions
A type of tissue that functions as a selective barrier, secretory and protective surface. It has a free/apical, lateral and basal surface. It has no blood supply, but does have a nerve supply.
Epithelial Tissue
A thin layer that anchors the epithelial cells to the underlying connective tissue. It provides a surface for cell migration during growth and wound healing.
Basement Membrane
What are the 3 types of layering in epithelial tissue?
1) Simple
2) Pseudostratified
3) Stratified
A type of layering in epithelial tissue that is one layer and good for passage of substances.
Simple
A type of layering in epithelial tissue that is a single layer where not all cells reach the free surface. Some have cilia and goblet cells.
Pseudostratified
What are the 3 shapes in epithelial tissue?
1) Squamous
2) Cuboidal
3) Columnar
A type of shape in epithelial tissue that is flat and thin. Helps with rapid movement of substances or protection depending on the layering.
Squamous
A type of shape in epithelial tissue that is cube or hexagon shaped. Free surface may have microvilli that are good for secretion/absorption.
Cuboidal
A type of shape in epithelial tissue that is taller than wide. Free surface may have cilia or microvilli that are good for secretion/absorption.
Columnar
One or more cells that make and secrete a particular product.
Gland
What are the 2 kinds of glands?
1) Exocrine
2) Endocrine
A type of gland that secretes their products into ducts (tubes) that empty onto the epithelial surface.
Exocrine Glands
A type of gland that secretes their products into the interstitial fluid and diffuse directly into the bloodstream without flowing through a duct.
Endocrine Glands
A tissue made of extracellular matrix and cells that function as protection, support, binding, transportation, energy and immunity. Most have good blood and nerve supply.
Connective Tissue
Contains protein fibres and ground substance.
Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
What are the 3 types of protein fibres?
1) Collagen
2) Elastin
3) Reticular
A protein fibre that is white, very strong and resists tensile forces.
Collagen
A law in which the arrangement of fibres is determined by the forces acting on them.
Wolff’s Law
A protein fibre that is yellow, smaller than collagen and strong but stretchy.
Elastin
A protein fibre that is thin, fine collagen fibres that form branching networks.
Reticular
A type of layering in epithelial tissue that is more than one layer and is good for protection.
Stratified
May be fluid, gel-like or calcified and it supports the cells and through it. Substances are exchanged between the blood and the cells.
Ground Substance
Some different types of __________ tissue cells are:
- Blasts
- Macrophages
- Plasma cells
- Mast cells
- Adipocytes
Connective
A type of connective tissue cell that helps to make something. Each major type of connective tissue contains these cells.
Blasts
A type of blast cell that is found in loose and dense connective tissue. They make collagen, elastin and reticular fibres.
Fibroblasts
A type of blast cell that helps to make bone.
Osteoblasts
A type of blast cell that helps to make cartilage.
Chondroblasts
A type of connective tissue cell that eats harmful bacteria and cleans up cellular debris.
Macrophages
A type of connective tissue cell that is part of the immune response and secretes antibodies to protect you from invaders.
Plasma Cells
A type of connective tissue cell that makes histamine, which is part of the inflammatory response.
Mast Cells
A type of connective tissue cell that stores fat.
Adipocytes
Some different types of __________ tissue are:
- Loose
- Dense
- Bone
- Cartilage
- Liquid
Connective
A type of connective tissue that has more cells and fewer fibres, which are loosely intertwined.
Loose
What are the 3 types of loose connective tissue?
1) Areolar
2) Adipose
3) Reticular
A type of loose connective tissue that is the most widely distributed connective tissue in the body. Its functions include strength, elasticity and support.
Areolar
A type of loose connective tissue that contains a lot of adipocytes and is located beneath the skin/around some organs. Its functions include thermoregulation, energy, support and protection.
Adipose
A type of loose connective tissue that is located in structures that have a filtering component (e.g. liver, spleen, lymph nodes). Forms the supporting framework of organs, binds smooth muscle cells and filters/removes old blood cells and microbes.
Reticular
A type of connective tissue that has fewer cells and more fibres that are mostly collagen.
Dense
What are the 3 types of dense connective tissue?
1) Regular
2) Irregular
3) Elastic
A type of dense connective tissue in which collagen is arranged in parallel patterns. It is located in tendons and most ligaments. Functions include being very strong but pliable.
Regular
A type of dense connective tissue in which collagen is arranged in random patterns. It is located in areas needing structure/support, as well as areas subject to many forces.
Irregular
A type of dense connective tissue in which there is a high elastin content contributing to stretchiness. It is located in lung tissue, arteries and ligaments between vertebrae.
Elastic
A type of connective tissue that has fewer cells with large amounts of collagen fibres. The matrix is filled with calcium phosphate salts, making it very hard. Function as protection, support and movement.
Bone (aka. Osseous Tissue)
A type of connective tissue that is strong and resilient. The cells are called chondrocytes and the ground substance has large amounts of collagen and elastin. It is avascular and aneural.
Cartilage
What are the 3 types of cartilage connective tissue?
1) Hyaline
2) Fibro
3) Elastic
A type of cartilage connective tissue that is most common in the body, has a blue-white appearance when healthy and helps form articulations. Functions include flexibility, support and shock absorption.
Hyaline
A type of cartilage connective tissue that is tougher, located between vertebrae (e.g. IVDs) and functions as support.
Fibro
A type of cartilage connective tissue that has more elastin fibres, is part of the external ear for example and functions as support/flexibility while keeping shape.
Elastic
A type of liquid connective tissue in which cells are surrounded by plasma and contain red & white blood cells, as well as platelets. Functions as a transport system.
Blood
A type of liquid connective tissue that is a plasma-like fluid functioning in immunity, transportation and fluid regulation.
Lymph
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
1) Skeletal
2) Smooth
3) Cardiac
A type of muscle tissue that is striated, cells are long/cylindrical and the shape is defined by connective tissue. It also attaches to the skeleton (some attach to skin). Functions include movement and heat production. This tissue is under voluntary control.
Skeletal (aka. Striated Muscle)
A type of muscle tissue that is found in the walls of hollow tubes, is under involuntary control and the cells are spindle shaped. Functions include constriction of tubes and movement of substances through tubes.
Smooth
A type of muscle tissue that is branched striated fibres that fit together tightly. They are under involuntary control and functions include blood flow/propulsion.
Cardiac
What are the 2 types of nervous tissue cells?
1) Neuroglia
2) Neurons
A nervous tissue cell that supports, nourishes and protects the nervous system.
Neuroglia
A nervous tissue cell that is the communicative portion of the nervous system.
Neuron (aka. Nerve Cell)
Part of a neuron that has multiple or single extensions off the cell body and functions as the input portion.
Dendrite
A part of a neuron that contains the nucleus and other organelles. It is known as the “control centre” and carries out the cell processes (e.g. protein synthesis).
Cell Body (aka. Soma, Perikaryon)
Part of a neuron that is a thin cylindrical process off the cell body. Functions as the output portion.
Axon
