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DT SL > Topic 4 - Materials > Flashcards

Topic 4 - Materials Flashcards

1
Q

Mass

A

Physical Property: Relates to the amount of matter that is contained with a specific material (constant), measured in Kg.

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2
Q

Weight

A

Physical Property: Relies on mass and gravitational forces to provide measurable value, measured in Newtons (force)

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3
Q

Volume

A

Physical Property: The quantity of three-dimensional space enclosed by a boundary (solid, liquid, gas)

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4
Q

Density

A

Physical Property: The mass per unit volume of a material.

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5
Q

Electrical resistivity

A

Physical Property: The measure of a material’s ability to conduct electricity. High resistivity = will not conduct electricity well. Low resistivity = will conduct electricity well.

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6
Q

Electrical Insulator

A

Physical Property: Reduces transmission of electric charge.

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7
Q

Thermal Conductivity

A

Physical Property: A measure of how fast heat is conducted through a slab of material with a given temperature

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8
Q

Thermal Expansion

A

Physical Property: A measure of the degree of increase in dimensions when an object is heated (length, area, volume)

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9
Q

Hardness

A

Physical Property: The resistance a material offers to penetration or scratching.

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10
Q

Tensile Strength

A

Mechanical Property: The ability of a material to withstand pulling (apart) forces.

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11
Q

Compressive Strength

A

Mechanical Property: The ability of a material to withstand being pushed or squashed.

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12
Q

Stiffness

A

Mechanical Property: The resistance of an elastic body to deflection by an applied force.

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13
Q

Toughness

A

Mechanical Property: The ability of a material to resist the propagation of cracks.

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14
Q

Brittleness

A

Mechanical Property: Breaks into numerous sharp shards.

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15
Q

Ductility

A

Mechanical Property: The ability of a material to be drawn or extruded into a wire

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16
Q

Stress

A

Tensile force applied to a given area

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17
Q

Strain

A

percentage of a change in length when force is applied to an initial length

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18
Q

Young’s modulus

A

Stress/Strain Graph

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19
Q

Elasticity

A

Mechanical Property: Ability to bend and return to its original shape

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20
Q

Plasticity

A

Mechanical Property: Ability of a material to be formed into a new shape. When deformed beyond its yield point it does not return to its original shape

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21
Q

Yield Point

A

Material cannot change back to its original shape.

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22
Q

Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS)

A

Material can mantain a maximum load; after this, material moves to the failure point

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23
Q

Failure Point

A

material breaks

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24
Q

Form & Shape

A

Aesthetic property: influences interaction/engagement of material (organic or geometric), material influences form of product

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25
Q

Texture

A

Aesthetic Property: the feel of a material can provide improved grip + psychological ease

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26
Q

Appearance

A

Aesthetic property: colour/pattern of material, psychological & cultural meaning

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27
Q

Smell

A

Aesthetic property: powerful connections to memory

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28
Q

Sound

A

Aesthetic property: sound of material when touched/manipulated - influences user experience

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29
Q

Piezoelectricity

A

ability to release an electric charge when deformed/with force

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30
Q

Shape memory

A

Have pseudo-elastic properties that allow their body to return to its original shape after deforming

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31
Q

Photocromacy

A

ability to change colour when exposed to light

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32
Q

Magnetorheostatic

A

Changes in viscosity with magnetic forces are applied

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33
Q

Electrorehostatic

A

Changes in viscosity when electrical forces are applied

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34
Q

Thermoelectricity

A

Electricity produced directly by heat - joining two dissimilar conductors that when heated produce current

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35
Q

Small Grain Size

A

Formed through fast cooling: low tensile strength, low toughness, low ductility, high brittleness.

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36
Q

Large Grain Size

A

Formed through slow cooling: high tensile strength, high toughness, high ductility, high malleability

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37
Q

Alloying

A

a mixture of one metal with another metal/non-metal. Increases hardness and strength, reduces malleability and ductility (High Speed Steel, bronze,brass)

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38
Q

Work Hardening

A

The process of increasing the hardness of a metal is done by applying force while the metal is cold. (plastic deformation) - usually for smaller grain sizes

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39
Q

Tempering

A

Applying heat after work hardening reduces hardness and stiffness and increases toughness and ductility.

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40
Q

Super Alloys

A

High degrees of mechanical strength, resistance to corrosion, creep, oxidation and surface stability.

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41
Q

Creep

A

Slow expansion/deformation of a material overtime

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42
Q

Oxidation

A

the reaction of a metal with oxygen (rust)

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43
Q

Sustainability of Super Alloys

A

easily and indefinitely recyclable, reduces the energy required to produce new metals, produces less waste

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44
Q

Ferrous metals

A

Contain Iron: Mild steel, stainless steel, cast iron

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45
Q

Non-Ferrous metals

A

don’t contain Iron: Aluminium, copper, silver, Tin, Zinc

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46
Q

Soft Wood

A

Low density, open grain, more flexible, less strong in tension + compression, fast-growing (25-50yrs), renewable resource, low-cost

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47
Q

Hard Wood

A

High density, high hardness, strong in tension + compression, slow growing (100 yrs), non-renewable

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48
Q

Plywood

A

strong in compression, Thin (3mm-6mm) = some elasticity, Thick(15mm-18mm) = strong in tension, medium-high density

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49
Q

MDF

A

Heavy and strong, made of small wood fibres and binder (glue): High density, does not have voids, knots or splinters.

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50
Q

FiberBoard

A

not strong in compression or tension, lightweight, made from waste wood scraps + glues to bind particles (cheapest engineered wood)

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51
Q

OSB (Oriented Strand Board)

A

Strong compared to most engineered woods, heavy, somewhat flexible, made out of wood scraps + toxic glue to bind particles.

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52
Q

Seasoning

A

Kiln + air drying = Process of drying wood so that it can have useful mechanical/physical properties (1-5 yrs).

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53
Q

Treatment of Timber

A

Protection from insects and fungus by applying chemicals, protection from weather, prevent rotting, improving chemical resistance

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54
Q

Finishing Timber

A

stains color(provide some UV protection), Pils & Waxes (smooth and shiny, protection from abrasions)

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55
Q

Sustainable Forest Management

A

Ensuring that cut trees are replaced, preserving habitats and the ecosystem. Aims to provide a balance of social, environmental and economic benefits (future gen)

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56
Q

Glass

A

Made by rapidly cooling a mix of silica, soda and lima (melted at very high temp), recycled easily, requires a large amount of energy to manufacture, and made out of non-renewable resources

57
Q

Colours in Glass

A

modified by adding metallic oxides

58
Q

Characteristics of Glass

A

High compressive strength but low tensile strength, low impact strength (shatters easily), can be transparent or opaque, resists stretching to a great degree

59
Q

Annealed Glass

A

Breaks easily, long sharp splinters (shards)

60
Q

Tempered Glass

A

Heated to a very high temperature and then blasted with cold air: High levels of impact, shatters into little pieces of splinters (shards)

61
Q

Laminated Glass

A

Two layers of glass with a sheet of plastic vinyl in between: Cracks under pressure but remains integral

62
Q

Borosilicate Glass

A

Resistant to thermal shock, expands less when heated, resists shattering, easily recycled, increases energy in the production process

63
Q

Fiber Glass

A

Long strands of Glass woven into fabric form: some flexibility, low electrical conductivity, lightweight, very difficult to recycle

64
Q

Cullet

A

Crushed recycled glass is added to the moulted mix. 25% cullet reduces 5% energy production

65
Q

Thermo Plastics

A

Linear chain molecules with weak secondary bonds between chains, can be heated and reformed, low production costs

66
Q

Polypropylene

A

Thermoplastic: Easily formed, low cost (Shopping bags, straws)

67
Q

High Density Polyethylene

A

Thermoplastic: Rigid, low cost (shampoo bottles, resistant to chemicals)

68
Q

Low-Density Polyethylene

A

Thermoplastic: Flexible, very cheap (plastic wrap, squeeze bottles)

69
Q

High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS)

A

Thermoplastic: easy to machine/shape, vacuum forming, low cost (packaging)

70
Q

Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)

A

Thermoplastic: dimensional stability, high stiffness + strength, high impact, heat resistant, low cost, food safe (children’s toys, cases/devices)

71
Q

Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)

A

Thermoplastic: Lightweight, shatter-resistant, very low-cost (beverage bottles)

72
Q

Thermosetting Plastics

A

Linear chain molecules with strong primary bonds adjacent to the polymer chains, once formed, cannot be reshaped with heat, high stiffness and strength, heat resistant

73
Q

Urea-formaldehyde

A

Thermosetting plastic: High tensile strength, hard/durable, cannot be recycled (plug/switch covers, high-heat contexts)

74
Q

Polyurethane (PU)

A

Thermosetting plastic: Abrasion resistance, non-conductive, cannot be recycled (atuomobile interior)

75
Q

Melamine Resin

A

Thermosetting plastic: Highly durable, lightweight, high electrical conductivity, Food safe, kitchenware (cannot be recycled)

76
Q

Epoxy Resin

A

Thermosetting plastic: Tough, High compressive + tension strength, resistant to chemicals, toxic, cannot be recycled (adhesive)

77
Q

Designing for disassembly

A

labelling of plastic parts with type of plastic to ensure proper recycling

78
Q

Lightweighting

A

reducing the amount of material required in a product + packaging

79
Q

Promoting and using recycled plastics

A

encourages user acceptance of unique aesthetic properties

80
Q

Fibers

A

Raw Form

81
Q

Yarn

A

Long, continuous fiber

82
Q

Threads

A

thin yarns used in sewing

83
Q

Fabric

A

Produced by weaving, knitting or felting

84
Q

Natural Fibres

A

High absorbency: low tensile strength, low elasticity, burns but not melts

85
Q

Synthetic Fibres

A

Low absorbency: high tensile strength, high elasticity, burns and melts

86
Q

Wool

A

Originates from sheep, highly insulative, high durability (socks, suits)

87
Q

Cotton

A

Cotton plant (clothing, bedding, furniture corners)

88
Q

Silk

A

Made from silk cocoon, the strongest natural fibre, lightweight, thermal properties, high cost, strength (medical stitches)

89
Q

Nylon

A

Made from petrochemicals, abrasion resistance, high elasticity (tents)

90
Q

Polyester

A

Made from petrochemicals, strong, quick drying, resistant to stretching (seatbelts, fishing nets)

91
Q

Lycra

A

Made from petrochemicals, very high elasticity (sportswear, underwear)

92
Q

Weaving

A

interlocking yarns at a right angle to create fabric

93
Q

Knitting

A

manipulating yarn in multiple yarns to create a tube

94
Q

Lacemaking

A

Weaving of yarns and threads into delicate, open patterns

95
Q

Felting

A

Compressing and matting fibres together

96
Q

Carbon Fiber

A

lightweight, high compressive strength + stiffness + hardness (Cars and space craft)

97
Q

Sheet (Composites)

A

materials laminated or layered to create a composite material

98
Q

Particles (composites)

A

can be added to composite mixture: increases hardness and durability

99
Q

Matrix

A

“glue” that binds particles and fibres together, hardens through a chemical reaction

100
Q

Pultrusion

A

Composite material is pulled through a former

101
Q

Lamination

A

Laying down sheets with a matrix in between them

102
Q

Economies of scale

A

increased cost savings associated with higher production runs

103
Q

One-off production

A

Only one item produced: requires specialized tools(skills, higher cost

104
Q

Batch Production

A

Limited volume of items manufactured - integrated process, specialised machines, process and workers

105
Q

Mass production

A

large scale production, needed in very large quantities + requires little design (economies of scale)

106
Q

Continuous flow

A

Large-scale production of goods, highly automated process

107
Q

Mass customization

A

allows customers to select aspects of design, uses Computed aided Manufacture (CAM), benefits from economies of scale

108
Q

Design for Manufacture

A

designing for optimum use of existing manufacturing capability

109
Q

Paper-based-Prototyping

A

Additive Manufacturing Tech: layers of paper glued together to create a 3D shape, cost effective

110
Q

Laminated object Manufacturing (LOM)

A

Additive Manufacturing Tech: Creates a 3D product by cutting polymers into thin slices and joining/glueing the slices together

111
Q

Stereolithography (SLA)

A

Additive Manufacturing Tech: liquid, photosensitive resin is poured into a tank, hardens/polymerizes with laser

112
Q

Fused Deposition Manufacturing (FDM)

A

Additive Manufacturing Tech: Laying down thin layers of material (usually plastic) extruded through a nozzle

113
Q

Turning

A

Subtractive Manufacturing Tech: Rotating a material along a horizontal axis while a cutting tool is moved along the surface to remove material

114
Q

Milling

A

Subtractive Manufacturing Tech: Rotating a bit over the surface of a material, moving on a vertical axis

115
Q

Drilling

A

Subtractive Manufacturing Tech: Spinning bit moving up and down the z-axis to create a hole in a material

116
Q

Abrading

A

Subtractive Manufacturing Tech: Using an abrasive to grind/rub away excess material (grinder, sander, polishing)

117
Q

Adhesive

A

Permanent joining technique, chemical substances that create a bond between surfaces when dry

118
Q

Welding

A

Permanent joining technique that uses high heat to join two similar metals, strong bond, great skill needed

119
Q

Brazing

A

Permanent joining technique that uses lower heat and filler metal to join two parts - joining different metals together

120
Q

Permanent Fasteners

A

Nails or rivets that bind 2+ pieces together

121
Q

Temporary Fasteners

A

Nuts and Bolts, screws, Velcro, knock-down fittings, cable to tie

122
Q

Injection Moulding

A

Injecting a liquid material into a mould. As the material is heated and then cooled, it takes on the form of a mould.

123
Q

Blow Moulding

A

Inflating a hot hollow plastic inside a mould. The heated material takes the form of a mould

124
Q

Compression Moulding

A

A heated sheet of thermoset plastic is placed into a mould. The mould then applies pressure to shape the plastic.

125
Q

Rotational Moulding

A

A heated hollow mould is rotated as thermoplastic is poured in. The liquid plastic takes the form of mould as it moves around the interior.

126
Q

Thermoforming

A

Heating of a sheet of thermoplastic to the point that it becomes pliable and soft. It is then placed into a mould to be formed into a shape. (vacuum forming)

127
Q

Laminating

A

Laying down of thin layers of material joined with an adhesive.

128
Q

Casting

A

Pouring molten metal into a mould

129
Q

Craft production

A

Small-scale production focused on manual skills, custom-designed, highly skilled/specialised products, low economy of scale, time-consuming

130
Q

Mechanised production

A

Volume production involving machines controlled by humans, increases speed, productivity, quality, high cost, increased pollution

131
Q

Automated Production

A

Volume production involving CAD, CAM, and CNC: higher quality, increased productivity (24/7), lower labour costs, and economies of scale.

132
Q

Assembly Line

A

Products/components are moved continuously along a conveyor: economy of scale, high production volume, limited customization, and expensive.

133
Q

Computed Numerical Control (CNC)

A

Computer control of machine for manufacturing complex parts: highly accurate, efficient, customisable, optimised materials, high-cost

134
Q

1st generation robots

A

Simple robots that do one task cannot respond to changes in environments (don’t have any sensors)

135
Q

2nd generation robots

A

Use sensors to respond to the environment (light, distance, temperature, pressure, radar) and complex codes so that it can operate autonomously - multitask

136
Q

3rd generation robots

A

Use of artificial intelligence to accomplish tasks. Can learn and operate without human supervision

137
Q

Robot Teams

A

Production lines make use of robot teams to perform complex tasks, increasing efficiency

138
Q

Machine to Machine

A

networking of robots together: sharing info + instructions

DT SL (6 decks)

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