Topic 4 lecture 2 (group understanding, sex gender and ethnicity)

Question 1

at around what age to children start to use gender stereotyped features to identify gender?

Answer 1

age 2

Question 2

at around what age do children start to identify gender as intrinsic and start to use gender stereotyped features to identify gender?

Answer 2

age 4

Question 3

at around what age to children start to understand gender as stable and rigid

Answer 3

age 5/6

Question 4

at around what age does gender start to become more fluid again?

Answer 4

age 10

Question 5

what is gender typing?

Answer 5

the process by which children become aware of their gender and aquire values motives and behaviours considered appropriate for their gender in their culture

Question 6

what is kohlbergs cognitive developmental theory of gender typing

Answer 6

There are three phases:

1. Age 2-3: Basic gender identity aquired through reinforcement and role models
2. Age 4-5: Gender stability aquisition - e.g a boy will grow up to be a man
3. Age 6-7: Gender constancy aquisition - e.g knowing that if a girl plays with cars shes still a girl

Question 7

What is Ben, Martin and Rubles gender schema theory

Answer 7

• children develop schemas about gender to help them organise, structure and understand information relating to gender
• this is because it is easier to remember information that is gender consistent than information that is gender inconsistent

Question 8

what is the trajectory of gender stereotype rigidity

Answer 8

• from 3-4 children become increasingly rigid about gender stereotypes and are in the learning phase
• from about 4-5 children are in the consolidation phase were rigidity remains high
• from around 5-10 children are in the flexibility stage where gender stereotype rigidity decreases

Question 9

what is nesdales social identity development theory about ethnicity and development?

Answer 9

there are 4 stages of ethnic attitudes:

1. undifferentiated
2. ethnic awareness (4-5years old) (occurs earlier in multicultural areas)
3. ethnic preference (5-7 years old) (preference to own skin colour)
   this diminishes from around the age of 8, however for some it doesnt and they go on to develop…
4. ethnic prejudice

Question 10

what was durnhams study about minimal group affiliation and shirt colour?

Answer 10

• children were assigned groups of either blue shirt or green shirt
• each child then heard a story about a child wearing a green shirt and a child wearing a blue shirt, with an equal number of positive and negative behaviours
• afterwards the children were asked to recall the details of the stories and asked which child they would rather play with
• children recalled more positive behaviours from those in the in group
• they also showed a preference for playing with the child that was wearing the same colour shirt as them

Question 11

what was monteiro et als study on mitigating racial bias in children

Answer 11

• each white child was given 9 euros in coins and two moneyboxes
• one moneybox had a photo of a white child and the other of a black child
• the children were asked to distribute their coins between the two boxes
• for the 6-7 year olds, having an experimenter present didnt make a difference
• for the 9-10 year olds, when the experimenter was present they allocated coins in a fairer way
• for children that were shown media putting forward an anti-racist norm, in the 9-10 year olds this eliminated the pattern of in group favouritism