topic 3 (common disorders) Flashcards
what is multifinality and equifinality?
Multifinality- same environment leads to different outcomes
Equifinality- different environments lead to same outcome
what are requirements for something to be a psychological disorder
Involves behaviours, thoughts and emotions
Threat to self or threat to others
3 p’s- pathological, pervasive, persistent
what are two ways of thinking about ‘atypical’ and a con of each?
- abnormality as deviation from the average, con= what if not everything can be numerically measured?
- abnormality as deviation from the ideal, con= but who decides what is ‘ideal’?
what are two approaches for classifying child mental illness?
DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH
- rooted in medical tradition
- used diagnosis for aetiology of disorder
- reliability is needed to establish validity of a diagnosis
- e.g dsm 5
EMPIRICAL METHOD
- rating scales
- based on statistical techniques
- useful for identifying risk factors
- e.g psychiatric studies, journals
what are 4 types of anxiety disorders in children?
seperation anxiety
phobias
generalised anxiety disorder
social anxiety disorder
what is the 50% rule?
children who have one anxiety disorder are about 50% more likely to have another anxiety disorder
outline 3 biases in the cognitive model of anxiety?
- attention bias which influences how a child encodes a situation
- interpretation bias and memory bias which influence how a child interprets a situation
these can be caused by overactivity of vulnerability and danger schemas
what is the DSM criteria for depression?
5 or more symptoms during the same two week period:
- depressed mood
- markedly dimished pleasure from all activities
and
- decreased appetite
- fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day
- a slowing down of thought and reduction of physical movement
- feelings of worthlessness or excessive an innapropriate feelings of guilt
- diminished ability to think and concentrate, indeciciveness
- suicidal ideation
when do most people start to show depression symptoms?
during adolescence
there tends to be two groups: early adolecense onset and late adolecence onset
early adolecent onset group have higher rates of ADHD and had reported more psychotic experiences. They also had a higher polygenic risk score
what are 5 criterions of adhd?
- at least 6 innatentive or hyperactive symptoms must be present
- several of these must be present before age 12
- behaviours must be noticable in at least two settings
- must negatively impact social, academic or work functioning
- are not better explained by another mental health disorder
what are 3 types of research on the genetic influence of ADHD?
- twin studies
- specific genes e.g dopamine transporters
- polygenic risk score
Describe conduct disorder
- repettive and persisent pattern of behaviour in which the basic rights of others, or major age appropriate social norms are violated
DSM 5- at least 3 of the following criteria in 12months an one in 6months, symptoms causing significant impairement in social, academic or work functioning
AGGRESSION TO PEOPLE/ANIMALS
- bullies/intimates
- physically cruel to people/animals
- stolen with physical confrontatio
DECIETFULNESS OR THEFT
- breaking and entering
- lies
- stealing
SERIOUS VIOLATION OF RULES
- stays out past curfew
- runs away
- truant
DESTRUCTION OF PROERTY
- fire setting
- destroying property
What are 3 types of conduct disorder?
Childhood onset- at least one symptom prior to age 10
Adolocecent onset- no symptoms before age ten
With limited prosocial emotions- additional:
- lack of remorse/guilt
- lack of empathy
- unconcerned about performance
- shallow or deficient affect
how does conduct disorder traits and callous and unemotional traits relate to lifetime risk of antisocial behaviour?
- children with both CD and CU traits have a much higher risk of lifelong anti-social behaviour than those with either of those traits by themselves
