topic 3 (moral development) Flashcards

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1
Q

what are two approaches to morality?

A
  • evolutionary approach (there’s an evolutionary advantage to moral behaviours)
  • cultural approach (different cultures have different morals, morals are instilled by culture)
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2
Q

outline the debate on whether children are moral

A
  1. Rosseau- children are innately moral but society corrupts
  2. Golding- children have bad moral impulses that children reign in
  3. Children are amoral and have no good or bad moral impulses
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3
Q

Outline piagets stages of moral reasoning?

A

PREMORAL DEVELOPMENT STAGE (stage 0)

  • 0-4 years old
  • no awareness of rules, no use of moral principles, no notions of justice

HETERONOMOUS STAGE (stage 1)

  • 4-10
  • rules are seen as unchanging and external, like physical laws
  • culpability is due to consequences not intentions
  • little sense of what level of punishment is appropriate in situations

AUTONOMOUS STAGE (stage 2)

  • 10/11+
  • rules are seen as human agreement that can be changed if all parties consent
  • judgement of culpability is based in part on intentions
  • punishment should be appropriate to the severity of the transgression
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4
Q

give an example of an experiment by piaget that outlines a difference between moral reasoning stages

A
  • provided children with a scenerio where one child unintentionally breaks many cups but another child intentionally breaks 1 cup
  • when asked who was naughtier younger children said the first child, but older children said the second child
  • this is because older children include intentions in their judgement
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5
Q

what is the difference between a social convention and a moral rule?

A

social convention = arbitrary rule defined by society e.g driving on left or right

moral rule = non arbitrary rules that dont differ across societies, e.g stealing is wrong

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6
Q

what are 3 limitations to piagets theory of moral development?

A
  • its too cognitive focussed, and doesnt incorporate the social and cultural factors influencing morality
  • its a staged theory but real life development is much less straightforward
  • it may be culturally biased as it is based on the observations of white middle class children
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7
Q

Outline Kohlbergs study in moral reasoning?

A
  • gave the example of a man who stole a cancer drug from a capitalist druggist who was making profits on the drugs to save his wifes life
  • gave this example to 10-16 year old boys and asked if it was morally justified
  • used these results to develop his own model of moral reasoning
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8
Q

outline the stages in Level 1 of kohlbergs moral reasoning

A

LEVEL 1 = PRECONVENTIONAL MORALITY (arises from basic drives and needs)
- 2- 10 years old

  • stage 1 = obedience and punishment orientation, moral judgements are driven by a need to avoid punishment
  • stage 2= instrumental relativist orientation, moral judgements are driven by the desire to meet personal needs
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9
Q

outline the stages in level 2 of kohlbergs moral reasoning

A

LEVEL 2= CONVENTIONAL MORALITY (arises from conforming to expected roles and pleasing others)
- 9+ years old

  • stage 3 = good boy/good girl orientation, moral judgements are driven by a need to be accepted by others as a good person
  • stage 4 = law and order orientation- moral judgements are due to the desire to adhere to the letter of the law or to authorities
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10
Q

outline the stages in level 3 of kohlbergs moral reasoning

A

LEVEL 3 = POSTCONVENTIONAL MORALITY (arises from abstract principles that transcend individual circumstances and local cultural contexts)
- 12+ years

  • stage 5 = social contract orientation- moral judgements arise from adherence to laws that are understood as a social contract for the common good
  • stage 6= principled conscience driven orientation- moral judgements arise from adherence to personal principles
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11
Q

does kohlberg believe that all people go through all stages?

A

no, he said that some people never reach the final stage even in adulthood

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12
Q

what are 2 limitations of kohlbergs theory?

A

gender biases- most his work used boys

  • his work valued logic and reasoning over seeking approval from others
  • a lot of the characteristics of girls are the same things that led to lower scores on his morality test such as seeking approval from other

it had a cognitive focus rather than focussing on social and cultural factors

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13
Q

what is Gillians 3 stages of moral reasoning?

A

Preconventional- individual survival is all that matters

Conventional- Self sacrifice is good in its own right and is driven by care for others

Postconventional- care about others and care for the self are integrated

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14
Q

what are the differences in generalisabiltiy of kohlberg and gillians research?

A

Kohlberg foccused on males and Gillian focussed on females

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15
Q

what was Karpmans theory of psychopathy?

A
  • there are different subtypes of psycopathy, depending on whether the individual is high or low in anxiety
  • in primary psychopathy the individual is low in axiety. they are cold to the core and this is hard to treat
  • in secondary psychopathy the individual may also suffer from anxiety and underlying deppresion. This form of psychopothay is thought to be linked to abuse and may be ameanable to treatment
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