Topic 4 - Genetic information Flashcards
What are the properties of eukaryotic DNA ?
DNA molecules are very long, linear and compacted into chromosomes by histoness.
What are properties of eukaryotic mitochondria and chloroplast DNA ?
DNA, Genes and Chromosomes
Shorter, circular DNA molecules with no histone proteins.
What are the properties of prokaryotic DNA ?
DNA, Genes and Chromosomes
DNA molecules (chromosomes) are circular and shorter with no histone proteins associated.
What is a gene ?
DNA, Genes and Chromosomes
A sequence of bases that code for an amino acid or a functional RNA.
What determines the order of amino acids in a polypeptide ?
DNA, Genes and Chromosomes
The order of bases in a gene.
What is a triplet ?
DNA, Genes and Chromosomes
3 bases in a gene which code for an amino acid.
What do introns code for ?
DNA, Genes and Chromosomes
Functional RNA
e.g. tRNA and rRNA.
What is a cell’s genome ?
DNA, Genes and Chromosomes
The complete set of genes in a cell.
What is a cell’s proteome ?
DNA, Genes and Chromosomes
The full range of proteins that the cell is able to produce.
How many genes code for 1 polypeptide ?
DNA, Genes and Chromosomes
One gene codes for one mRNA molecule, which codes for one polypeptide.
What are introns ?
DNA, Genes and Chromosomes
Sections of a gene that dont code for amino acids, instead they code for functional RNA.
What are exons ?
DNA, Genes and Chromosomes
All of the parts of a gene which code for a specific order of amino acids.
What happens to introns during protein synthesis ?
DNA, Genes and Chromosomes
They’re removed so they dont effect the order of amino acids.
What are non coding repeats ?
DNA, Genes and Chromosomes
regions of multiple repeats that do not code for amino acids. They are located between genes.
What are alleles ?
DNA, Genes and Chromosomes
Different forms of a gene
How do alleles form slightly different versions of the same polypeptide ?
DNA, Genes and Chromosomes
The order of bases in each allele is slightly different
How many chromosomes does a eukaryotic nucleus have ?
DNA, Genes and Chromosomes
23 pairs, 46 in total
What are homologous pairs of chromsomes ?
DNA, Genes and Chromosomes
- pairs of matching chromosomes, they have the same genes but they could have different alleles. Alleles coding for the same charactersistic will be found at a same fixed potiton (locus) on each chromosome in the pair.
- An example is the gene that determines blood type exists as one of 3 alleles, type O, A and B.
What is a locus ?
DNA, Genes and Chromosomes
The same fixed postiton where alleles cpding for the same characteristsic are found.
What is messsenger RNA ?
RNA and Protein Synthesis
It is made during transcription, it carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosomes where it is used to make proteins during translation. mRNA is a single polynucleotide strand.
What is a codon ?
RNA and protein synthesis
3 bases in a mRNA polynucleotide
What is transfer RNA ?
RNA and Protein Synthesis
- tRNA is involved in translation.
- It carries amino acids that are used to make porteins to the ribosomes.
- It is a songle polynucleotide strand thats folded into a clover shape.
- Hydrogen bonds between specific base pairs hold the molecules in this shape.
- Every tRNA molecule has a specific sequence of 3 bases at one end called an anticodon.
- The other end is an amino acid binding site.
What is an anticodon ?
RNA and Protein Synthesis
a sequence of 3 specific bases at one end of a tRNA molecule.
Name the first stage of protein synthesis
RNA and Protein Synthesis
Transcription