Topic 3 - Gas exchange Flashcards
Where is the exchange system of oxygen in fish ?
Gills
The gills
How do gills have a large surface area ?
Gills
The gills consist of thin plates called gill filaments. These are also covered in lamellae.
How does lamellae speed up diffusion ?
Gills
They increase the surface area
They have lots of blood capillaries
They have a thin surface layer of cells
How does the counter-current system in fish work ?
Gills
water enters the fish through its mouth. The blood flows through the gills in the opposite direction to the water. This maintains a large concentration gradient down the whole length of the gill - there’s always a higher concentration of oxygen in the water than the blood so that it can diffuse down its gradient into the blood.
How does air enter an insect ?
Insects
Through pores on its surface called spiracles.
Explain how gas exchange works in insects
Insects
Insects use rhythmic abdominal movements to move air into the spiracles by changing the pressure. Air enters the insect through pores called spiracles on the insect’s surface. The air enters tracheae (tubes with rings of chitin) and then these branch into tracheoles which are smaller tubes that are go into individual cells. The oxygen diffuses down its concentration gradient from the air in the tracheoles into the cells. Carbon dioxide then diffuses down its concentration gradient out of the cell and towards the spiracles.
How does air move in and out of spiracles
Insects
Insects use rhythmic abdominal movements to move air into and out of the spiracles by changing pressure
How are the tracheoles a good exchange surface ?
Insects
They have thin permeable walls so the diffusion distance is short
They are branched so there is a large surface area
They enter tissues so short diffusion distance
How are tracheae strengthened ?
Insects
They have rings of chitin
How is gas exchange in insects a fast system ?
Insects
There’s no need for gases to bind to pigments like haemoglobin, also oxygen doesn’t need to travel in the blood stream to get to cells
Why can insects not be larger ?
Insects
Because gas is diffusing directly in and out of their body so bigger size would mean more cells and therefore a greater diffusion distance so gas exchange would not be efficient for the insect.
What can happen to tracheoles when the insect is resting ?
Insects
Tracheoles can fill with fluid to limit diffusion
What happens to active insects?
Insects
lactic acid concentration increases in the muscle cells, this draws water into the cells by osmosis
What adaptations do insects have to minimize water loss ?
Insects
They have a small surface area to volume ratio
A tough waxy, waterproof exoskeleton which stops them from drying out
They have the ability to close spiracles using their muscles
Spiracles have hairs to trap humid air.
All of this reduces evaporation
Where is the main exchange surface in plants ?
Plants
the mesophyll cells as they have a large surface area and air gaps.