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Bio 240 > Topic 4: Eukaryotes > Flashcards

Topic 4: Eukaryotes Flashcards

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1
Q

Morphology of eukaryotes

A

-membrane bound nucleus
-larger than archaea and bacteria
-contain organelles
-possess cell wall and complex internal cytoskeleton

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2
Q

Nucleus of euk

A

-storage or expression of info
-double membrane structure
-non-membrane nucleolus is within nucleus (ribosome synthesis)
-spatial seperation (transcription in nucleus)
translation in cytoplasm
DNA to mrna in nucleus

mrna to protein in cytoplasm

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3
Q

What type of chromosomes

A

Linear chromosomes

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4
Q

Secretory pathways

A

Uses ER and golgi apparatus:
proteins are modified in these structures (modified and tagged to be sent off sent off in transport vescles outside of the cell)
THINK AMAZON WAREHOUSE

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5
Q

Mitchondria

A

electron transport chain (cell metabolism and TCA cycle) occurs all over the outer and inner membrane of the mitochondria
-since it has a double membrane with the inner membrane folding like that, it allows for alot of area for selectron transport chains to product atp (chemiosmosis via proton motive force)

PMF: drive protons out, then protons go through atp synthase to make atp

Allows for so much power to be generated to power the cell (powerhouse of cell)

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6
Q

Chloroplast vs mitochondria

A

Chloroplasts are more or less the same , both use ETC to make atp (chemiosomosis via pmf)
-use sunlight ( capture light energy) to get e- into etc to send protons

-water offers electrons to make atp

-chloroplasts use atp they made to fix carbon into sugar (think photosynthesis equation)

SIMILARITIES
-both are semi-autonomous
-means they have the machinery (dna genome, ribosomes, trancription machinery) to replicate independently from the rest of the cell

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7
Q

Semi-autonomous meaning

A

-able to replication independently from the rest of the cell
-supports theory that they were once free-living bacteria with a mutualistic relationship with rest of cell
-now, most of the other machinery in chrlo and mito are gone cause dont need it anymore
-some genes went into the genome of the cell, so traffic of genes between them, this allows for mutualistic relationship!

SOME IN HOST GENOME, SOMEKEPT! neither can now live without the other

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8
Q

Plasma membrane of euk

A

-phospholipid bilayer (lke bacteria, ester linkages and fatty acid)
-has proteins (low amount) that allow for molecule transport (facilitated diffusion and active transport (cell needs atp for this))
-plays a role in homeostasis(maintaining constant internal environment)
-has sterols (bac and archaea dont have)

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9
Q

Who has hopanoids

A

Bacteria

Sterol like molecules

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10
Q

Why are there less proteins on plasma membrane

A

-went to double membrane organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts
-Electron transport chain, atp synthases are not only on plasma membrane but also on these structures, alot more on these structures cause they have folded internal membranes
-energy generation not on plasma membrane like bac and euk

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11
Q

Cell Wall

A
  • In fungi (chitin) and in algae (cellulose)
    beta 1-4 linkages
    -Provides strength and rigity
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12
Q

Cellulose cell wall

A

Found in algae
-Glucose beta 1-4 glycosidic linkages

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13
Q

Chitin Cell Wall

A

Found on fungi
-NAG beta 1-4 glycosidic linkages

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14
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

-role in cell structure
-comprised of three major pieces
1) microtubules (tubulin)
2) microfilaments (actin)
3) intermediate filaments (various proteins)

ALL CONtribute to cell shape

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15
Q

Microtubules

A

Tubulin
-chromosomes seperate
-intracellular transport
-cell movement (cilia and flagella)

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16
Q

microfilAments

A

Actin
-maintain cell shape
-help with z ring and division furrow in cytokenesis
-cell movement (pseudopods)

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17
Q

intermediate filaments

A

-nuclear structure
-cell cell interactions

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18
Q

How do cells move

A

-motion achieved by cilia and flagella
-move using 9x2 axoneme (9 microtubule doublets around a core pair form axoneme)
-have motor proteins (dyeniens) between then, and form a wheel
-as dyenines move using atp, they rotate the axoneme, moving the whole microtubule (flagella)

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19
Q

what di kinesins do

A

they walk across microtubule holding on to transport vesicles to move them across
-kinesins use atp to walk

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20
Q

Pathogens can exploit what?

A

Microtubule cytoskeleton pathway, and slide down microtubule to have easy access to the nucleus

21
Q

What is the chart comparing fungi, protists, slime moulds and algae

A

In notes

22
Q

what is a phototrophic, non motile/swimming, cell wall containing eukaryote

A

Algae

23
Q

what is a chitin, heterotrophic, not chloroplast

A

fungi

24
Q

What is a eukaryote that swims and has amoeboid

A

protists

25
Q

what is a heterotroph that only has amoeboid and no cell wall

A

slime moulds

26
Q

Pseudopodia

A

movement with “false feet”
-actin polymerizes and and depolymerizes to move

27
Q

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

A

FUNGI!
-heterotrophic, cell walls made of chitin
-used to make bread, beer, wine
-easy cheap tool to study euk structures and gene expression (grows and divdies quick)

28
Q

Fungal phlogeny

A

-names end in -mycota

29
Q

Chitridiomycota

A

-watermold, early branching
-laurel creek

FUNGI

30
Q

zygo- mycota

A

-Rhizopus
-Bread mold
-lab contamination

FUNGI

31
Q

Glomeromycota

A

-mycorrhizal fungi
-important for roots and trees
-created a symbiotic relationship with roots, helps them grow better

DUNGI

32
Q

Ascomycota

A

Spore-shooters
-sac fungi, club, yeast, skin bag

FUNGI

33
Q

Basidiomycota

A

-spore droppers
-club fungi
-traditional mushroom producing fungi

FINGU
looks liek what u imagine fungi to looj like

34
Q

Giardia Lamblia

A

PROTIST
-lacks mitochondria even though it is a protist
-causes human disease
-anaerobic
-found in lakewater

35
Q

Slime moulds

A

1)Dictyostelium discoideum
-example of slime mould
-model for studyng ecology, cell motility, and cell to cell commuication

2)physarum
-fuses many cells into a continous, multinucleate giant cell

36
Q

Chlamydomonas

A

ALGAE
-has a two flagella form
-good for stuyding flagella fubnction
-easy to grow
-in light, move crazy cause very sensitive to light

37
Q

Mitosis

A

start diploid (2N) end diploid (2N)
- produces two identical cells from original cell

38
Q

meiosis

A

create four haploid cell
-one round dna rep, two round division
tetrad splits, then chromosome splits

Genetic recombination
-seggreation of maternal and paternal chromosomes
-crossing over between chromosomes prior to seggregation
-ensures each haploid cell is GENETICALLY DISTINCT

39
Q

Saccharomyces life cycle

A

YEAST

-undergo mitosis to form an ascus when things are bad (need genetic diversity)
-usually just do mitosis with haploid cell or with diploid cell
-to undergo meisos, diploid cell goes through meisosi to form ascus

for haploid to turn into diploid, they genentically fuse

-budding off of smaller cells can occur or fission of identicaly sized cells

40
Q

Chlamydomonas Life cycle

A

-maintain motile haploid cell and undergo mitosis (asexual reproduction)
-can differentiate and fuse into diploids
-these diploids turn into SPOREs to undergo meisosis and then haploid cells are formed again

41
Q

Dictcosieliem life cycle

A

SLIME MOULD

-regular mitosis occurs (vegetatice cycle)
-or multicellular slug formed, which differentiates into a fruiting body, which releases spores and germates (haploid again)
-can also go sexual cycle and amoeboid cells can turn into a macrocyst

42
Q

Endosymbiotic theory

A

-idea that one primitive micro-org (ARCHAEA) engulfed another (BACTERIA), forming a symbiosis
-atleast two endosymbiotic eents must have
occurred
-mitochondia
-chloroplasts
bc euk only appeared 2.1-1.6 billion years ago whereas life started 4.5 to 4 billion years ago

archaea might have been lokiarchaeota. or lokiarchaeota ancestor

EVIDENCE FOR ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY
Mito and chloro resemble bacteria in shape and size
-double membrane
-cell division with fitsZ
-each has own DNA
-rRNA more similar to bac than euk
-CIRCULAR CHROMOSOME

43
Q

Amitochondriates lack what?

A

MITOCHONDRIA, cells likely evolved out of using them to obtain energy

44
Q

Paramecium

A

-supports endosymbiotic theory
-this ingests algae and using it for photosyntehsis, provides the thing with sugar!
-when sun goes down, they eat them bc the algae are no longer useful

45
Q

What euk microbse causes diseases

A

Protozoa
-malaria, african sleeping sickness
-drug we need to treat these are more of a problem than the disease itself since it needs to be strong enough to kill them without killing us WHICH IS HARD SINCE WE ARE SO SIMILAR TO THEN

FUngi
-less likely to cause disease
-more likkely to cause disease in immuno-compromised individuals

CAN also cause killing in plants
Potato famine was PHYTOPTHROA

46
Q

What acused the potato famine

A

Phytopthora! KNOW THIS

47
Q

Benefits of euk microbes

A

Primary peoduces provide energy
-some algae produce lots of ocxygen in the water through photosynthesis
-biodegraders recycle nutrients
-some can degrade celliulose, recylong plant matter better than animals

TERMITE GUT PROTOZOA

48
Q

Rhytisma

A

Cause disease (tar spots) on leaves on treea

49
Q

Termite gut protozoa

A

-causes them to attack themselves, cause the thing is attacking them from the inside and they will start acting weird.
-ants are moved out of colony when they do this
-because if not they will climb to the tip of something, produce a fruiting body through them which are spore shooters, releasing spores that will fall on colony and infect them and the entire colony will be decimated.

Bio 240 (7 decks)

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