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Bio 240 > Topic 1 > Flashcards

Topic 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are micro-organism examples

A

archaea, bacteria and eukaryotes

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2
Q

what are microbes examples

A

Microorganisms and viruses

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3
Q

Which are alive: micro-organisms or microbes?

A

Micro-organisms

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4
Q

Do prokaryotes have a nucleus?

A

No

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5
Q

Are there any known macro-organisms that are prokaryotes?

A

No

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6
Q

T or F: Algae are micro-organisms that are eukaryotes

A

false

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7
Q

Are bacteria micro or macro? pro or eukayotic?

A

Micro-organism and prokaryotic

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8
Q

What did Robert Hooke observe?

A

Fruiting structures of molds

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9
Q

Who saw first description of microbes?

A

Robert Hooke

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10
Q

How did robert hooke invent the _____ microscope?

A

Used small glass spheres in metal casing, eventually becoming compound microscope

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11
Q

Who first saw bacteria?

A

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

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12
Q

Father of microbiology is?

A

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

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13
Q

Did antonie looked at blood, semen and plaque under a microscope?

A

Yes

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14
Q

What was the first life on Earth?

A

Micro-organisms

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15
Q

What percentage of the biomass on earth is comprised of micro-organisms?

A

less than 50%

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16
Q

what medical use does micro-organisms have?

A

Produce enzymes that can be used medically, example insulin

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17
Q

What makes a microbial alive? (Core features of life)

A

-metabolism
-growth
-reproduction
-must have genetic variation/ evolution
-respond and adapt to environment
-homeostasis

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18
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A

ingest pre-formed organic molecules

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19
Q

What are autotrophs?

A

produces own organic molecules

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20
Q

How many atp is made in fermentation?

A

2

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21
Q

What is the order of macromolecule ranking?

A

Polypeptides, RNA, lipids, polysaccharides, sugars

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22
Q

What dry weight of cell percent is polypeptides?

A

50-55

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23
Q

What dry weight of cell percent is RNA?

A

15-20

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24
Q

What dry weight of cell percent is lipids?

A

10

25
Q

What dry weight of cell percent is polysaccharides?

A

6-7

26
Q

What dry weight of cell percent is DNA?

A

2-5

27
Q

The phylogenetic tree is divided based on what?

A

Ribosomal RNA sequence

28
Q

What are the three domains on the phylogenetic tree?

A

Bacteria, archaea and eukarya

29
Q

Out of the three phylogeny: which has a nuclear membrane?

A

Eukarya

30
Q

Out of the three phylogeny: what have membrane bound organelles?

A

All, rare-few in bacteria and archaea, multiple in all species of eukarya

31
Q

which two plasma membranes are similar?

A

Bacteria and eukarya

32
Q

What is the cell wall of bacteria made of?

A

Peptidoglycan

33
Q

What RNA pol are in archaea?

A

RNA pol 2

34
Q

What RNA pol are in eukarya?

A

RNA pol 1, 2 and 3

35
Q

Which of the phylogenetic tree have histones?

A

Archaea and Eukarya, bacteria have histone like proteins

36
Q

What were the early conditions on Earth?

A

-minimal O2
-high temperatures
-high CO2, around 98%
-reducing atmosphere (lots of electrons with no oxygen to have redox reaction)
-surface was a chemical soup

37
Q

Who experimentally simulated the spark that started forming organic molecules from earth primordial soup?

A

Stanley Miller and Harold Urey

38
Q

How did this experimentally stimulated spark work for the primordial soup experiement?

A

-had a glass sphere which contained earth’s primitive oceans in it, heated it up, gas flowed through a glass tube into another glass sphere, this was the simulated earth’s primitive atmosphere. Connected a power supply with wires to this glass sphere and simulated lighting strike.

39
Q

What were the results of the experimentally simulated spark experiment performed by stanley miller and harold urey?

A

A day after the experiment, they came back to find a pink soapy layer. Used chromotography to determine that this has 5 amino acids in it. We now know that all amino acids were there, they just did not know about them yet. Nucleotides and lipids had also formed. In the glass sphere, methane, h2o, ammonia and hydrogen were present.

40
Q

What did the early conditions of life give us

A

All building blocks of life

41
Q

What are micelles?

A

early form of plasma membrane formed when lipids are put into solutions

42
Q

What was the purpose of micelles?

A

Way of seperating the outside environment from the inside environment, which is a requirement of early life

43
Q

who proposed RNA world?

A

Carl Woose

44
Q

LUCA stands for?

A

Last universally common ancestor

45
Q

Ribozymes

A

RNA behaving like enzymes: self-replicatiing, reaction catalyst and genetic info storage

46
Q

what is rna world

A

rna would have existed as ribozymes, some sort of boundary membrane/vesicle made up of lipids would have formed, rna would have been used in early life, rna makes proteins, would have had many trials and failures until dna is created, dna comes in at LUCA, diversification after thi, RNA would have been used for catalyzsing and coding

47
Q

is double stranded dna more stable that rna

A

yes

48
Q

Features of LUCA

A

-membrane bound
-ATP as chem energy
-DNA TO RNA TO PROTEINS
-eats co2
-fixes N2
-anaerobe
-thermophile
-hydrogen-dependant

49
Q

Hydrothermal vents

A

-hydrogen was found only here,
if we were life back then, we would have to go hydrothermal vent to get it, capture H, fix co2, problem is that hydrogen donors are localized so they were not able to leave that area, so needed to find a way to get electron donors away from vents.

50
Q

Cyanobacteria solving hydrothermal problem

A

-found a way to get hydrogen out of water so that things didnt have to stay at hydrothermal vents
-created o2 as a by-product
-enough energy in light to get e- out of water and deposit it on to co2 which reduces it into biomass
-cyanobacteria produced alot of oxygen and reactive oxygen species because of this (superoxides, hydroxide radicals which were bad cause these like to rip electrons out of things like lipids dna and proteins)
-this caused a problem because that is harmful to stuff, oxygen was ripping electrons out of everything, took a long time again to find a way to protect self from this as well

51
Q

Stromatalites

A

-microbial fossils
-definition is: carbonate pedestals with photosynthetic microbial on top
-cyanobacteria release these carbonate pedestals
-found dating back to 0.5 ybp meaning 3.5 billion years of microorganisms

52
Q

what metabolism and organism was associated with luca?

A

H2 oxidizer and autotroph

53
Q

Endosymbiotic theory

A

primitive prokaryotic microbes ingested other microbes
-started a symbiotic relationship, leading to the 1st eukaryote
-formed mitochondria and chloroplasts is believed

54
Q

Louis pasteur discoveries

A

-discovered that living organisms discriminate between optical isomers (chirality of molecules, different structures same molecular formula, one can be used for atp one cant for example )
-explained biological nature of alcohol fermentation
-developed vaccines for anthrax, cholera and rabies
-developed pasteurization: extending shelf life by heating and then cooling
-disproved spontaneous generation and developed methods for controlling growth

55
Q

Louis pasteur and rabies

A

-took from dog with rabies, injected into rabbit, let it climb up spine to brain,, took out spine, let it dry then injected inactive bacteria into the rabbit and it was the vaccine
-when you get bit, even now, you have little time to get vaccine, must be before it reaches the brain

56
Q

How did louis pasteur disprove spontaneous generation

A

by using a swan neck flask and boiled a broth to sterilize it, broth cooled, microbes from outside get trapped in bent neck of flask so it cant get in.
-left it for time and broth remained sterile., days later flipped it and allowed broth to encounter microbes in neck of flask,
-growth happened now
-this proved against spontaneous generation theory as when the broth was sterile, nothing was formed, when it was tipped and life went into the broth, this is when there was growth, this showed that life must enter for growth to occur

57
Q

Robert koch

A

-determined bacillus anthracis caused of anthrax and mycobacterium caused turboculosis
-developed koch’s postulate

58
Q

koch’s postulate

A

rules for determining a microbe was the cause of a disease
Rules:
1)Diseased animals must ALL have the suspected cause of agent and ALL healthy animals should not
2)From diseased animal, you can get a pure culture and grow on plate.
3)Pure culture can be innoculated into a healthy animal and they WILL get sick
4) Suspected microbe can be taken out of that animal (healthy animal that turned sick) and grown on a plate

59
Q

Gastric Ulcers

A

-originally thought to be caused by stomach acid as this area of stomach was thought to be sterile due to the acidity
-discovered that helicobacter pylori in ulcerated tissue in 1980s
-discovered that using antibiotics, not antacids helped the ulcers
-however, healthy people also have this bacteria, so can follow koch’s postulate but wont always be true

Bio 240 (7 decks)

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