Topic 4-Coasts Falscards

Question 1

Igenous rock

Answer 1

Igneous rocks are formed when molten rock from the mantle cools down and hardens. Rocks form crystals as it cools. They are usually hard e.g granite

Question 2

Sedimentary rock

Answer 2

Layers of sediment are compacted together until solid. Limestone and chalk formed from tiny shells and skeletons of sea creatures

Question 3

Metamorphic

Answer 3

Formed when other rocks are changed by heat wnd pressure. New rock becomes harder and more compacted

Question 4

Granite

Answer 4

Formed from magma cooled underground,resistant
-lots of joints which aren’t evenly spread so more joints more erosion.
-impermeable which creates moorlands

Question 5

Limestone

Answer 5

Formed from tiny shells and skeletons of sea creatures. Very resistant and permeable and is resistant

Question 6

Clay

Answer 6

Formed from muds deposited by rivers. Soft and crumbly. Weak

Question 7

Chalk

Answer 7

A younger form of limestone. Medium resistance but stronger than clays
-forms enscarpmentd and cliffs at coasts
-permeable

Question 8

Slates

Answer 8

Formed by heated muds. Very resitant and hard to weathering
-forms in layers creating weak planes in rocks

Question 9

Formation of healand and bays

Answer 9

-sea attacks coast with alternating bands of hard and soft rock
- soft rick erodes more quickly than hard rock
-leaves land our called headland
- Areas with soft rock has eroded away are called bays

Question 10

Formation of a spit

Answer 10

-Longshore drift moves sediment along coastline
-sudden change in coastline is required to occur
-behind headland a sheltered area is present where lower energy waves occur
- heaviest sediment dropped first and after smaller sediment is dropped
- ‘re-curved cause by 2nd wind’
- spit will not reafh to other side due to deep water and currents

Question 11

How do arch,stump,stack form

Answer 11

-waves crash into headlands and enlarge cracks-abrasion and hydraulic action
-repeated erosion enlarges the crack to form cave
- continued erosion deepens crack and causes a arch
- erosion causes supporting arch to fall
-forms a stack

Question 12

Longshore drift

Answer 12

Waves approach the sea at an angle, swash pushes material up the
beach at the same angle as the prevailing wind. Backwash carries the sediment back
dow

Question 13

Traction,saltation,suspension and solution

Answer 13

Traction– large boulders are rolled along the sea
Saltation—smaller stones are bounced along the sea floor.
Suspension—sand and small particles are carried along in the flow.
Solution—some minerals are dissolved in seawater.

Question 14

Constructive waves and destructive waves

Answer 14

Constructive waves— Have a
strong swash and weak
backwash, small waves under 1m
high. Encourage deposition.
Destructive waves—Strong
backwash, weak swash, taller
than 1m. Encourage erosion.

Question 15

Concordant and discordsnt coastlines

Answer 15

Discordant-perpendicular, headlands and bays formed, coastal erosion and deposition
Concordsnt-parallel, coes, coastal erosion and landforms

Question 16

Hudraulic action,abrasion,attrition in waves

Answer 16

Hydraulic action-waves crash against rocks and compress air into cracks. Puts pressure on rocks. Repeated action causes cracks to widen and break off
Abrasion-eroded particled in water scrape and rub ahainst rock,removing small pieces
Attrition-eroded particles in rock smash into each other and break into smaller fragments.

Question 17

Mass movement, slumping and sliding

Answer 17

Mass movement—the
downhill movement of
material under the
influence of gravity.
There are different types
that depend on the
material involved, how
saturated the material is
and the nature of
movement. E.g.
Sliding - loosened rocks
and soil suddenly tumble
down the slope.
Slumping—happens when
rock is saturated with
water and slides down a
curved slip plain.

Question 18

Tectonic activity in the uk

Answer 18

-520 million years ago land that now makes up Uk used to be much closer to plat boundary than it is now. Active volcanoes formed magma through earth’s crust which cooled to form igenous rock.

-plate collisions caused rocks to be folded and uplifted forming mountains. Many of these areas remains as uplands
-the intense heat and pressure caused by plate collisions formed metamorphic rock in scotland ireland

-plate movements years ago mean that Britain was in tropics and higher sea levels meant it was partly underwater-canfiberous limestone formed in dhallow seas. Can be seen in uplands of peak district
-youngest rocks are chalk and clay in southern england.formed in shallow seas and swamps. Chalk and clay are softer rock ehich are more easily eroded-form low landscapes

Question 19

Distinct land scapes-lake district uplands

Answer 19

Igeneous basalt rock from surface eruptions and granite iepgenous eruptuons below surface
-large volcanoes erupted at lake district 450-300 million years ago
-glacial processes 12000 years ago the uplands were under 300m of ice which eroded corries. Eroded huge areas to creat u-shaped valleys. Steepsides,flat bottom and hanging valley
-land is angular p u-shaped valleys and v-shaped valleys with steep mountains
-freeze-that weathering occured
-rockfalls and landslides occur
-misfit rivers are formed
-cold in winter and warm jn summer-rainsall year round

Question 20

Distinct landscape UK-weald (lowland)

Answer 20

-sedimentary rock which are softer-green sand and chalk which are harder
-dry valleys,chalk froze making it impermeablr so when snow melted couldn’t infiltratr and ran over top causing valleys
-flat landscape with hills and v-shaped valleys. Shallow,floodplains, gentle landscape and vegetation
-biologicsl weathering and chemical weathering
-soil creep-soils such as sandstones and clay can absorb moisture and become saturated causing movement down slope
-floodplains formed
-wet and heavy rain. Warm in summer and cold in winter

Question 21

Distinctive landscapes-upland

Answer 21

Settlement-farms-dispersed and isolated,farms and villages,small communities
Building material-local bricks and slate,stone
Field boundaries-follow shape of land,stine walls which are well structured, long lasting land
Farming-sheep farming and hay in winter valleys
Econimic activity-primary-agriculture,windmills

Question 22

How have humans chnaged landscape-agriculture,forestry, settlement

Answer 22

Agriculture- people cleared land of forest to make space for farming
-hedgerows and walls to mar out fields
-differet farming-arable so flat kand with good soul for crops-dairy for warm and wet areas for dairy farming-sheep fatmint takes place in uplands which has led to a lack of tress.

Forestry-management of areas of woodland used for timber,conservation
-coniferous forests been planted for timber which are olanted in straight lunes so forests don’t look natural
-devidous woodland is being replanted in simebareas to make landscape more natural

Settlement- land was concreted over for roads and buildings which affected drainage patterns
-some rivers diverted through underground channels
-some river channels straightened or had embankments built to prevent flooding
-most of big citis are ports and industrial areas

Question 23

Mechanical,chemical and bilogical weathering

Answer 23

Mechanical weathering-freeze-that weathering where water gets into cracks. Water freezes causing cracks to expand na d rocks fall off
Chemical weathering-seawter and rainwater have carbon dioxide dissolved which makes them weak carbonic acids. Carbonic acid reacts with rock that contains calcium carbonate.
Biological weathering-plants break down rocks by growing into cracks on their surface pushing them apart

Question 24

Wave cut notch’s and platform formation

Answer 24

-waves cause most erosion at foot of a cliff
-forms a wave-cut notch which is enlarged as erosion continued
-rock above notch becomes unstable and collapses
-collapsed material washed away and new wave-cut notch starts to form
-repeated collapsing causes cliff retreat

Question 25

Transportation

Answer 25

-waves followndirevtion of prevailing winds which hit coast at an oblique angle -swash carries materialbup beach in same direction as waves -backwash carrues material down beach at right angle back to sea

Question 26

Deposition

Answer 26

Deposition is when material carried by seawater is deposited by contructive waves and forms landscapes such as:beaches,spits and bars

Question 27

Solution,suspension,stravtion,slatation

Answer 27

Solution-dissolved chemicals often deprived from limestone or chalk Suspension-particles carried within water Saltation- a hopping lr bouncing motion ofnparticles too heavy to be suspended Traction-large pebbles rolled along sea floor

Question 28

Direct and indirect effects in coast

Answer 28

Agriculture-low economic balue so unprotected so has direct effect on coastal kandsvaoe as sea can erode cliffs and shape land -changing farmland can cause instability in cliffs -land is sometimes reclaimed and drained for sgriculturslnuse. Draining directly affects coast as reduces natural flood barrier that marshaland provide Develolopment-coastal areabpopulatpr for work and tomlive so have development -lots of settlement have more coastal defences than other areas as people want to protect their homes and businesses so has a positive direvt affect on coastline as land is better protected against erosion -however an indirect affect is change in transportation and deposition of material along coast as it can cause beaches to be narrower as restricts sediment supply to beached. Narrow beaches dont protect coastline well so more vunerable to erosion. Industry-coastal quarries expose large rocks making them more vunerable to chemical weathering and erosion -gravel extracted from beaches which has removed material from coast and increased risk of erosion as less material to protect cliff Coastal management-protecting coastal landscaoe from impacts of erosion -some management strategies alter sediment movement, which reduces amount of protective beach material further along coast increasing erosion -coastal defences reducing erosion. Direct effect on coast as prevents landscape from changing

Question 29

Hold the line,advance the line,strategic retreat,no active intervention

Answer 29

Hold the Line– use sea defences to stop erosion and so the coast stays where it is - expensive Advance the Line– By building new defences on the seaward side of the original defences - very expensive Strategic Retreat/Realignment– Gradually let low value areas of the shoreline to erode backwards to help protect high value areas. Compensation is given. No Active Intervention– Where there is no investment in coastal defences or operations.

Question 30

Explain how physical factors have caused a chnage in holderness coastline

Answer 30

-cliffs made from boulder clay which is easily eroded. Likely to slump when wet causing cliff to collapse -becahes are narrow, which means they don't get enoigh protection for cliffs from sea erosionsl power -faces prevailing winds which bring waves from north eadt from norwegian sea. Waves increasenpower over long distance so coast is battered by highly erosive waves

Question 31

Bridgelington,mappleton,great cawden, easington

Answer 31

Brdiglington:large population of 30k,tousim jobs,fishing income so groynes and seawall protect Mappleton: approx 50nproperties,subejct to intense erosion at 2m per year and 50m road so rock groynes and armour for protection Great cawden: farmland,caravan parks auffer due to no coastal management Easington: gas terminal in uk accountd 25% of british gas supply so sea wall and rock armour to protect

Question 32

Positive of coastal defences in holderness coastline

Answer 32

Over 11km protected by hard engineering: -protects towns and gillages like hornsea,withernsea and mappleton -important infrastructures like roads -gas terminal easington 25% of uk gas -groynes built at mappleton -gorynes and sea wall at hornsea and withernsea

Question 33

Negative on coastal defences on holderness coastline

Answer 33

-groynes protect local aresd but cause narrow beaches to form further down coastline. Increases erosion so risk of caravn patkd and farms of falling into sea -reducing amount of materual thats eroded and transported south increase risk of flooding -less new material added on coast causes coastal retreat

Question 34

Climate change increasing risk of coastal flooding

Answer 34

Rising sea levels pose a threat ti low lying and coastal areas which could cause higher tifed ghat would flood coastal aread more frequently. Could also remove large amounts of material from beaches so increased erosion on cliffs -storms becoming more frequent -give sea more erosional power so areas with soft rock will be more quickly eroded

Question 35

Hard engineering-sea walls what is it?benefits?costs?

Answer 35

A wall made out of hard material like concrete that reflects waves back into sea. -prevents erosion of coasts and barrier to prevent flooding -creates strong backwash,which erodes under wall. Sea walls are expensive to build and maintain

Question 36

Hard engineering-groynes what is it? Benefits?costs?

Answer 36

Wooden or stone fences that are buily at right angles to coast. Trap material transported by longshore drift -creater wider beaches which slow waves. This gives greater protection from flooding and erosion. Fairly cheap -starve beaches further down coast making them narrower. Really expensive

Question 37

Soft engineering-Beach nourishment ehat is it? Benegits?costs?

Answer 37

Adding sediment to beach builds up beach height which absorbs wave energy and orevents waves breaking at cliffs -relatively cheap,looks matural and attrcats tourism -replacement of sediment often needed,winter storms transport material away

Question 38

Soft engineering-Slope stabilisation what is it?benefits?problems and costs?

Answer 38

Vegetation is olanted by planting grasses and shrubs so roots can stabilise soil. Drainage pipes arebplaced which reduces water pressure and prevents saturation. Together,reduces mass movement slumping -dont interfere with coastal process of LSD transport,reduces mass movement, keeps cliff in place and safer for beach users -up to 1 mill for slope stabalisation. Difficult to install and beach may be closed for long time