Topic 3-urban Challenges Flashcards
Defin urbanisation
Urbanisation is the growth in the proportion of a country’s population living in urban areas
Urbanisation happening fastest in poorer countries
-50% of world’s population currently live in urban areas and increasing every day
-happened earlier in developing countries e.g industrial revolution. Developed countries have slow rates of urban growth
- a smaller proportion (35%) of population in developing countries currently live in urban areas.
-urbanisation is predicted to continue at a fast rate in regions that still have a large rural population
Number of megacities is increasing
-high rates of urbanisation are leading to to growth of megacities.
-a megacity is an urban areas with over 10 million people living
- by 2040 there are 28 megacities-48 predicted by 2035
-2/3 of megacities are in developing and emerging countries mostly in Asia
What is urban primacy
Urban primacy is when one city dominates the country it is in. These ‘primate cities’ have a much larger population than other cities in the country-usually more than twice as many people as the next biggest city.
How do primate cities influence the country economically and ploitically
-investment-businesses often located there, attracting investment in infrastructure and services.
-migration-there are lots of jobs so people move there to find work. Highly-skilled workers are attracted by better opportunities
-transport-international ports and airports are often located there,encouraging further investment and migration
-governments and the headquarters of large,powerful businesses are often located there. This can mean decisions about development favour the city rather than the rest of country
Difference between national and international migration
National migration- when people move to a city in the same country e.g rural-urban migration is movement of people from the countryside to the cities.
International migration-when people move from one country to a city in another country
Migration as a result of push and pull factors
Push factors- a shortage of jobs or low wages
-poor standard of living
-poor healthcare and education
-war or conflict
-natural disasters like earthquakes or floods
- a poor environment due to pollution or crime
Pull factors- more employment opportunities and higher wages
-better standard of living
-better health care and education
-safe place with little crime or risk of natural disaster
-a cleaner environment
Economic change leads to migration
- cities in developing cities are growing:
-rural areas very poor-improvements in agriculture mean fewer farm workers are needed. Leads to national migration to cities to seek better job opportunities. Lots of opportunities in informal sector for low-skilled migrants from rural areas. - cities have good transport links so trade is focused there- providing lots of jobs
- cities attracting foreign companies and manufacturing industry expanding
Emerging cities are growing and some have established populations:
-cities have become industrial centres-lots of manufacturing jobs. Other cities have rapidly expanding service sector. People move to cities to work in new industries and services supporting them
- as country gets wealthier they are investing in flagship projects e.g sport stadiums for international events, to attract foreign investments. Creates more job and workers.
Developed countries have stable populations and others declining:
-de-industrialisation has led to decline of industrial areas-people moved away to find work elsewhere. Some cities still declining however many cities have been regenerated and are attracting people again
- a lot of low-paid workers are attracted to more successful cities in the region. Leads to decline of the cities if they are leaving
Formal and informal employment
Formal:
- officially recognised as workers are protected by laws of country. Rules are about hours of work, Ge of workers and health and safety. Workers pay tax to government out of wages they earn.
informal:
-employment is unofficial- jobs aren’t taxed or regulated by government. People often work long hours in dangerous conditions for little pay.
Primary,secondary,tertiary and quartenary sectors
Primary-involves collecting raw materials e.g farming,mining
Secondary- turning a product into another product (manufacturing) e.g making textiles,furniture
Tertiary- providing a service-financial services,nursing and retail to police and transport
Quartenary- information economy such as research and development, scientists and researchers investigate and develop new products.
Urban economies vary by levelo of development
Developing:
-informal sector workers
-work in low-skilled tertiary sector jobs e.g market stalls. Few people work in secondary sector as not enough money to invest in technology needed for this type of industry. Small percentage work in high-skilled tertiary jobs
- conditions are poor.pay is low,hours are long and dangerous conditions
Emerging:
-workers in informal sector decreases as country develops
-employment in secondary sector us high. Established industrial zones and good infrastructure. Lots of low-skilled tertiary jobs. As industrial economy grows people have more money to spend on services so jobs created in higher-skilled jobs in tertiary sector.
-conditions improve and workers rights increase
Developed:
- few workers in informal
- fewer people work in secondary sector than emerging. Most people work in tertiary sector because there’s a skilled and educated workforce, and high demand for services like banks and shops. Some employment in quaternary sector as country has highly skilled labour and has money to invest in technology needed.
- good conditions,good pay, workers have many rights and protected by law
Cities go through different stages as develop (UK)
Urbanisation 1760-1850:
- in most places is linked to industrialisation. Industrial revolution and better transport attracted workers to towns as as the cities grow more factories built as population grew
Suburbanisation early 20th centuty:
- when developed cities become crowded and polluted,people who can afford it move out of city centre to new suburbs. Often edge of city where land is cheaper and air is cleaner and more green space.
De-industrialisation as UK develops:
-industries in city start to decline so can lead to de-population as people leave old industrial areas to kore rural areas where rent is cheaper and overseas countries where costs are lower known as global shift.
Counter-urbanisation 1970/1980:
-people choose to leave larger towns and cities and move to rural areas. This leads to population decline in inner city areas. Increasing car ownership and improvements in IT mean people can work from home.
Regeneration since 1990s:
- to attract people and businesses to city centre, governments and private companies invest in new developments e.g high quality flats and office blocks so better infrastructure.
- also attracts more people to live in so more workers in different industries.
Land use in cities in commercial industrial and residentsl
Commercial- e.g office buildings,shopping centres and hotels
Industrial- elg factories and warehouses
Residental- e.g houses,flats and apartments
CBD- commercial and public buildings. Look for high density buildings and meeting of major roads
Inner city- residential (low-class housing) and older industry. Short,parallel roads of terraced housing and larger factory buildings
Suburbs- residential (medium-class housing). Short,curved streets.
Rural-urban fringe- mix of commercial business parks and residential (high-class housing). More green space between built-up areas and clusters of larger office buildings or shopping centres
Accessbility, availability,cost and regulations
Accessibility:
- most access in CBD (road/rail) and this attracts shops/offices
- some businesses on edge of cities located due to near major motorways,airports so avoid traffic congestion
Availability:
- in city centre most land use is high in demand so businesses may extend upwards
- land in city centres, old industrial sites may be redeveloped as shops,offices same as old housing redeveloped to luxury homes
- a lot of space on edge of city
Cost:
-city centres have highest land price-cost of land falls towards edge
- businesses and shops can afford to locate and shops in city centres
- house increases in size from inner city to suburbs as prices decrease
Planning regulations:
- city planners control how cities develop by deciding types of buildings that can be built in different parts of city
- strict planning in city centres
- some cities have strict limits on development in rural-urban fringe
Site of Lagos
-west africa
-Lagos is located at the outlet of the massive lagos lagoon on the atlantic western coast of nigeria.
- one of the biggest ports in africa which is sheltered
Sitaution of lagos
-has a shelterd location for a port
- a partially, well connected country with international links-an aiport and port
-well connected by road to other major towns in Nigeria e.g abuja
- has an international aiport
-lagos is nigeria’s biggest city in population and business and remains national financial centre in Aest Africa.
- Nugerian film industry “nollywood”
How has lagos developed a clear structure as its grown
CBD (Lagos Island):
- built in 1920’s
- in between sea and lagoon and near port
- local government headquarters and bank
-modern high-rise office buildings
Inner city (mushin and ikeja):
-built in 1960’s
- central,north of lagos,near railway
- large industrial estate built with factories making e.g plastic
-older, high density low quality housing
Suburb (Victoria island) :
- built in 1990’s
- north and west of lagos, near major roads, edge of city
- commercial-lots of businesses and shops
-modern,high class residential
Slums (ojo) :
-built in 1980’s
- west of lagos, mear major roads,edge of suburbs
-sprawling,low-density new husing on outskirts of city
-squatter settlement
RUF (lekki) 1990’s:
- oustkirts of city
-ports being built, new industrial zone and modern industry
-lower density newest housing
Lagos population growing rapidly?
Historic:
-city under British rule during colonial times and was centre of trade so attracted merchants and traders to city.
-many ex-slaves also came to Lagos e.g Sierra Leone and west indies
1960s-1990s:
- independence led to rapid economic growth-export of oil made people wealthy
- government financed lots of construction projects e.g building sea ports,oil refineries and factories. Jobs created led to rapid urbanisation
- brith rates were high and death rates were lower leading to high rates of natural increase-rapidly growing population
Recent:
- major growth from rural-urban migration
- migration from Northern states where there is religious and ethnic conflict and high levels of poverty
- TNCs operating in lagos are employing international migrants from USA,UK and China.
- rate of natural increase still high but decreasing slowly
Lagos’ growth has caused changes in land use
-city has expanded outwards- a larger area is now built on. Lots of people forced to move from rural-urban fringe as can’t afford the rising prices from inner city.
-land has been reclaimed from lagoon. Land around CBD is in high demand and valuable, so artificial islands e.g Banana Island and Eko atlantic are built on reclaimed land contain huge houses in gated communities
-previously empty areas are built on e.g slums are built on areas kf wasteland. In other undesirable places like makoko people have built wooden huts on stilts in lagoon.
Land use has also changed:
-some slums have been upgraded and made more permanent. Huts have been removed and new 3-4 storey apartments have been built in their place.
-some parts of Makoko slum have been cleared by government to allow development of desirable areas of waterfront
- old-middle class residential areas have become high-class luxury housing e.g old-middle class area of ikoyi is now the richest neighbourhoods in lagos with lots of luxury shops and hotels alongside redeveloped apartments
Big inequalities in Lagos between rich and poor
Rich-wealthy people can afford better housing as greater GDP per capita (10,4500) so live in luxurious and expensive gated communities
- better wuality of life and education (82%) so can have greater water consumption (90l) leading to higher life expectancy (68)
- can also afford to live close to work, so no traffic jams (0,18) commute time
Poor- can’t afford high quality housing so live in slums so floods and pollution factories are close. GDP per capita (985)
- less lack of services so less education (45% completion) and more pollution causing lower life expectancy ( 47) due to lack of waste disposal and diseases.
-longer to commute to work (1:39) and less energy as cannot afford (15 kwh)
How some people are preventing the gap between rich and poor from closing
-there are different development priorities e.f wealthy want investment in more high-class, modern office to relieve pressure on existing CBD but poor in slums need investment in housing improvement and services
- wealthy are more powerful so improvement in railway due to business interest in lorries that that supply city
Advantage and Disadvanatges of top-down
Advantages:
- improving air pollution by government borrowing the import of small generators and encouraging communities to use shared generators which contribute to less emissions
- a new water treatment plan costing 2.5 billion has been built by government to increase the supply of formal water. This will improve health and access to school/jobs
-two light trail lines are under constructions from world bank to reduce congestion and will have better connections with north and west towards airports, greater imports and exports.
Disadvantages:
- often very expensive e.g nigeria had to lower 1 billion from world bank to fund construction of light rail line
-don’t always support of community who decide to ignore or undermine strategy. For example the less rapid transit is delayed due to cars and stalls blocking bus lanes.
- many not help those in need e.g the ban on small generators affects poor more than rich as they are less able to afford cleaner alternatives.
Advanatges and Disadvanatges of bottom-up
Advantages:
- Chief’s mission is to prevent promote health so more access to healthcare by opening community health centres and support Disadvantages women and children.
- Oando improving education in order to help local people develop skills for jobs for future and improve learning environment by creating world basics systems to benefit communities.
- SEAP provides small loans To poorest communities at affordable rates and improve business links between people to promote economic growth.
Disadvantages:
-smaller scale so projects reach fewer people
- fund may be limited-especially during economic recessions (periods of economic decline) when the need may be greatest. Schemes often rely on donations from people in more developed countries but people can’t afford to give as much during revession.
- can lack coordination as there may be several NGOs with same aims working seperately
