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Biology > Topic 4-bioenergetics > Flashcards

Topic 4-bioenergetics Flashcards

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1
Q

what does photosynthesis use energy for

A

to change carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen

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2
Q

where does photosynthesis take place

A

chloroplasts

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3
Q

what do chloroplasts have

A

chlorophyll to absorb sunlight

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4
Q

how is energy transferred to the chloroplasts from the environment

A

by light

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5
Q

what type of reaction is photosynthesis

A

endothermic

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6
Q

what is the word equation for photosynthesis

A

carbon dioxide + water —

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7
Q

what goes above the arrow in the equation for photosynthesis

A

light

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8
Q

what is the symbol equation for photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O —

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9
Q

what are the five main ways plants use glucose

A

respiration

making cellulose

making amino acids

stored as fats or oils

stored as starch

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10
Q

why is cellulose used in plants

A

strong cell walls

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11
Q

why is glucose stored as fats or oils

A

storing in seeds

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12
Q

why is glucose stored as starch

A

for when photosynthesis isn’t happening eg winter

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13
Q

what three things can effect the rate of photosynthesis

A

light intensity
temperature
concentration of CO2

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14
Q

what are light temperature and CO2 described to be as

A

limiting factors

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15
Q

what does limiting factor mean

A

stopping photosynthesis from happening any faster

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16
Q

what can also be a limiting factor of photosynthesis

A

chlorophyll

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17
Q

what can the amount of chlorophyll be affected by

A

diseases like tobacco mosaic

rose black spot

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18
Q

what does it result in if chlorophyll is limited how does this make it a limiting factor

A

less chlorophyll less light taken in reducing photosynthesis

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19
Q

what happens to the level of photosynthesis if you increase the level of light

A

the level of photosynthesis increases if you increase the amount of light

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20
Q

why will the level of photosynthesis increase with light only to a certain point

A

because either temperature or light intensity needs to increase

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21
Q

what does this make temperature or co2 levels

A

the limiting factor

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22
Q

what happens to the level of photosynthesis as the level of co2 increases

A

they will increase together until a certain point - graph flattens out

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23
Q

what does it show when plotting photosynthesis against co2 levels when the graph flattens out

A

co2 is no longer the limiting factor

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24
Q

what are chemical reactions like photosynthesis controlled by

A

enzymes

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25
Q

at what temperature are enzymes denatured

A

45 degrees

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26
Q

what do we call the best temperature

A

the optimum

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27
Q

what does the graph for temperature against rate of photosynthesis look like

A

an arch - rainbow - sad face

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28
Q

what do plants benefit from in the soil

A

minerals

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29
Q

what are the two minerals plants benefit from in the soil

A

nitrates

magnesium

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30
Q

what is the benefit of nitrates

A

used in the production of amino acids and therefore proteins

31
Q

what is the benefit of magnesium to plants

A

magnesium is used to make chlorophyll - green pigment in chloroplasts

32
Q

how does the adaptation of plants having thin membranes in leaves help

A

short distance for co2 to diffuse across into leave

33
Q

what is the advantage of chlorophyll

A

absorbs light

34
Q

what is the advantage of stomata in the lower epidermis

A

allows co2 to diffuse into leaf

35
Q

what is the advantage of guard cells

A

open and close stomata depending on conditions

36
Q

what is the advantage of the network of tubes of xylem and phloem

A

transport water and food

37
Q

what is the advantage of long roots

A

absorb as much water as possible

38
Q

what is the advantage of many flat leaves

A

increases the surface area of chlorophyll so lots of light absorbed

39
Q

what is the advantage that spongy mesophyll layer has moist air pockets

A

enables carbon dioxide to diffuse quickly from stomata to palisade cells

40
Q

what is the advantage of tightly packed palisade cells close to the upper epidermis

A

big surface area with lots of chloroplasts to absorb as much light as possible

41
Q

what do greenhouses eliminate

A

they eliminate some of the limiting factors

42
Q

what do greenhouses allow to happen

A

they allow photosynthesis to happen at a higher rate than normal

43
Q

what do green houses reduce

A

the risk of plants being damaged by pests and diseases

44
Q

green houses can be expensive but what counteracts this

A

produce greater harvest that can be sold more often

45
Q

what is the equation using light intensity

A

light intensity is proportional to 1 over distance squared

46
Q

what is the inverse square law

A

light intensity decreases in proportion to the square of the distance

47
Q

what is respiration

A

respiration is the process of transferring energy from glucose which happens in every cell

48
Q

what are three examples of how organisms use the energy transferred in respiration

A

1-build up larger molecules from smaller ones

2-allow muscles to contract

3-body temperature stable

49
Q

what is metabolism

A

metabolism is the sum of all reactions that happen in a cell or the body

50
Q

what happens in reactions 2possiblities

A

some larger molecules are made from smaller ones

larger reactions are broken into smaller ones

51
Q

what is aerobic respiration

A

respiration involving oxygen

52
Q

where does aerobic respiration take place in cells

A

mitochondria

53
Q

what is the word equation for aerobic respiration

A

glucose + oxygèn -> carbon dioxide + water

54
Q

what can be noted about the equation for photosynthesis and that for aerobic respiration

A

they are the same but in the opposite direction

55
Q

what is the symbol equation for aerobic respiration

A

C6H12O6 +6O2 -> 6H2O + 6CO2

56
Q

what is anaerobic respiration

A

respiration if there’s not enough oxygen

57
Q

what is there in anaerobic respiration

A

an oxygen debt

58
Q

what is anaerobic respiration the incomplete break down of and what does this make

A

it is the incomplete break down of glucose making lactic acid

59
Q

whats the equation for anaerobic respiration in muscle cells

A

glucose -> lactic acid

60
Q

what can plant cells and yeast respire without

A

oxygèn

61
Q

what is the equation for respiration without oxygen in plants and yeast

A

glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide

62
Q

what is anaerobic respiration in yeast cells called

A

fermentation

63
Q

in bread making how does fermentation help

A

carbon dioxide makes bread rise

64
Q

how does fermentation help in beer and wine making

A

fermentation makes the alcohol

65
Q

when you exercise more of what is needed

A

oxygen and glucose to respiring cells

66
Q

what increases as you exercise

A

heart rate and breathing rate

67
Q

when you exercise a lot what cant the bloodstream get enough of to your muscles

A

oxygèn

68
Q

what does lactic acid cause

A

muscle fatigue and cramps

69
Q

what does anaerobic respiration cause when you exercise

A

an oxygèn debt

70
Q

what do we continue to do after exercise

A

breathe deeply and quickly

71
Q

why do we continue to breathe so much after exercise

A

to repay the oxygeb debt and remove co2 and break down lactic acid

72
Q

what happens when you breathe in

A

intercostal muscles contract

rinçage expands

diaphragm contracta pulling downwards increasing volume of the chest

73
Q

what happens when you breathe out

A

intercostal muscles relax

rinçage moves in and down

diaphragm relaxes and moves upwards decreasing chest volume

Biology (4 decks)

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