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Biology > Topic 2-organisation > Flashcards

Topic 2-organisation Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a tissue

A

a group of similar cells that work together to carry out a particular function

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2
Q

what are organs

A

a group of different tissues that work together to perform a certain function

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3
Q

what is an organ system

A

a group of organs that work together to perform a particular function

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4
Q

what are enzymes

A

biological catalysts

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5
Q

what is a catalyst

A

a catalyst is a substance which increases the speed of a reaction without being used up itself

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6
Q

what does the mouth produce

A

saliva

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7
Q

what does the mouth do to food

A

chews food

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8
Q

what does the mouth have

A

an enzyme that digests carbohydrates

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9
Q

what does the stomach contain

A

HCL

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10
Q

what do stomach muscles do

A

churn food

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11
Q

what does the liver produce

A

bile

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12
Q

where is bile stored

A

gallbladder

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13
Q

what does bile do

A

neutralises stomach acid and helps emulsify fats

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14
Q

what does the pancreas produce and where is it used

A

enzymes that are used in the stomach and small intestine

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15
Q

what happens in the small intestine

A

nutrients are absorbed into the blood

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16
Q

what happens in the large intestine

A

water is absorbed into the blood stream

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17
Q

what does the rectum do

A

stores faeces

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18
Q

what does the anus do

A

releases faeces

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19
Q

what is another word for starch

A

carbohydrate

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20
Q

what is starch

A

a huge molecule

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21
Q

what is the huge starch molecule made of

A

sugars

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22
Q

what is the large starch molecule broken down into

A

glucose (sugar)

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23
Q

what are fibrous proteins

A

structural function eg muscle

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24
Q

what is globular protein

A

hormones catalysts

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25
Q

where are enzymes secreted by

A

pancreas
small intestine
salivary gland

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26
Q

what does amylase do

A

amylase breaks down starch into sugars

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27
Q

what does protease do

A

protease breaks down proteins into ammino acids

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28
Q

what does lipase do

A

lipase breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol

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29
Q

how are active sites DENATURED

A

by changed in temp/ph

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30
Q

what happens if the active site is denatured

A

the substrate cannot bind to the enzyme

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31
Q

which side of the heart has thicker muscles and why

A

the left side to push the blood around the body

32
Q

what is to be noted about diagrams of the heart

A

the left is on the right and the right is on the left

33
Q

what does the heart need for itself

A

its own blood supply of oxygenated blood

34
Q

how does the heart get its own blood supply what does it have

A

the heart has coronary arteries that branch off the aorta

35
Q

where does deoxygenated blood first enter the right side and where from

A

deoxygenated blood from the body enters the right atrium from the vena cava

36
Q

what happens as the right atrium fills

A

pressure in the right atrium increases

37
Q

what does the pressure in the right artium cause

A

the AV valves to open

38
Q

what happens when the av valves open on right side

A

right ventricle fills with blood

39
Q

what happens when the right ventricle fills

A

ventricular muscle contracts causing av valves close and semilunar / tricuspid valves open

40
Q

how does blood leave the right ventricle and where does it go

A

blood leaves the right ventricle via the pulmonary artery to lungs to get oxygen

41
Q

where does oxygenated blood enter in the heart and where from

A

oxygenated blood enters the left atrium from the pulmonary vein

42
Q

what happens as the left atrium fills up

A

pressure in the atrium increases

43
Q

what does pressure in the left atrium cause

A

av valves to open

44
Q

where does blood now flow to from left atrium

A

left ventricle

45
Q

what does the filling up of the left ventricle cause

A

ventricular muscles contract closing av valves opening semilunar / bicuspid valves

46
Q

where does blood leave the left ventricle from and where to

A

oxygènated blood leaves the left ventricle via the aorta to the rest of the body

47
Q

the left side pumps blood at a high pressure what does it have

A

more muscles

48
Q

what pressure do arteries carry blood at

A

arteries carry blood at a high pressure

49
Q

what do arteries have to deal with the high pressure

A

thick layer of muscle to maintain blood flow

50
Q

what do arteries have that is smooth and why

A

a smooth endothelium so bloood can flow with no blockages

51
Q

what is the lumen like on arteries and why

A

narrow lumen to maintain blood pressure

52
Q

what is blood pressure like in veins

A

low blood pressure

53
Q

what is vein lumen like

A

large lumen

54
Q

what is the layer of muscle like in veins and why

A

thin layer of muscle because blood is not at such a high pressure as arteries

55
Q

what do veins have that arteries dont and why

A

veins have valves do keep blood flowing in the right direction

56
Q

what do capillaries allow

A

gas exchange in lungs and tissues

57
Q

where are capillaries found

A

betweeen arteries and veins

58
Q

why do capillaries have a thin cell wall why is this benificial

A

increase the rate of diffusion by decreasing the distance it has to occur across

59
Q

what do capillaries have instead of muscle

A

a nucleus

60
Q

where do they carry blood close to and why

A

they carry blood close to every cell for gas exchange

61
Q

what do they have permeable walls for

A

so substances can diffuse

62
Q

what diffuses in and out of cappuccino

A

in co2 and waste out food and oxygen

63
Q

what are the four main parts that make up blood

A

red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets
plasma

64
Q

why do red blood cells have a disk shape

A

to increase surface area

65
Q

how else do red blood cells increase their surface area

A

they have no nucleus

66
Q

how does oxygen bind to red blood cells

A

haemoglobin

67
Q

what is it called when oxygen binds to haemoglobin

A

oxyhemoglobin

68
Q

what can white blood cells do to their cell membranes

A

extend them to engulf pathogens

69
Q

what do white blood cells produce and why

A

enzymes to break down pathogens

70
Q

what are platelets

A

small fragments of cells they have no nucleus

71
Q

what do platelets form

A

positive blood clots

72
Q

what activates platelets

A

chemicals

73
Q

what does a lack of platelets result in

A

excessive bleeding and bruising

74
Q

what is plasma

A

the fluid component of blood in it rbc wbc and platelets are suspended in its pale liquid

75
Q

what does plasma carry

A 
rbc 
wbc
nutrients
glucose
amino acids 
co2
urea
hormones
proteins
antibodies 
antitoxins
76
Q

what are some risk factors of non communicable diseases

A

smoking
alcohol
obesity
exposure to radiation

77
Q

what is transpiration

A

the loss of water from a plant

Biology (4 decks)

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