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Biology > Topic 1-cells > Flashcards

Topic 1-cells Flashcards

1
Q

what are eukaryotic cells - two examples

A

complex cells like plant and animal cells

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2
Q

what are prokaryotic cells and an example

A

these are simpler smaller cells like bacteria

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3
Q

what are eukaryotes

A

organisms made of eukaryotic cells

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4
Q

what are prokaryotes

A

a single celled organism

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5
Q

what subcellular structures do most animal cells have

A 
nucleus 
cytoplasm
cell membrane
mitochondria 
ribosomes
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6
Q

what subcellular structures does a plant cell have

A 
nucleus 
cytoplasm 
cell membrane
mitochondria
ribosomes 
cell wall
vacuole 
chloroplasts
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7
Q

what does the nucleus do

A

contains the genetic material and controls cell activity

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8
Q

what does cytoplasm do

A

chemical reactions

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9
Q

what does the cytoplasm have and what for

A

enzymes to control reactions

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10
Q

what does the cell membrane do

A

holds cell together and controls what goes in and out

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11
Q

what does mitochondria do

A

reactions for aerobic respiration take place

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12
Q

what do the ribosomes do

A

where proteins are made

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13
Q

what does the cell wall do and what is it made of

A

made of cellulose and holds cell together

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14
Q

what does the vacuole do

A

contains cell sap - sugar and salt solution

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15
Q

what does the chloroplasts do and what do they contain and what for

A

where photosynthesis occurs making food for the plant it contains chlorophyll which is a green substance that absorbs light for photosynthesis

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16
Q

what five things are in a bacterial cell

A 
cytoplasm 
cell membrane 
cell walk 
strand of DNA
small rings if DNA - plasmids
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17
Q

what happens to a cell to make it become specialised

A

differentiation

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18
Q

what is a cell before it differentiates

A

stem cell

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19
Q

where would you find stem cells in an adult

A

bone marrow

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20
Q

how limited are adult stem cells to differentiate

A

they are MULTIPOTENT they can differentiate into a small number of cells

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21
Q

where else can stem cells be found

A

enbryo

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22
Q

how limited are embryonic stem cells to differentiate

A

they are PLURIPOTENT and can become almost any type of cell

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23
Q

what are plant stem cells called

A

meristem

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24
Q

where are meristem cells found

A

parts of a plant that grow

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25
Q

how able are meristem able to differentiate

A

they retain their ability to differentiate and are not as limited as adult stem cells

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26
Q

why are meristem useful

A

make quick cheap clones of a plant

help save rare plants

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27
Q

why are people against embryonic stem cell research to replace faulty cells

A

religion

childs life

disruption of development

a human life in embryonic stage

concerns of methods

some people see it as murder

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28
Q

why are some people for the use of embryonic stem cell research

A

helps replace faulty cells

could get rid of some diseases/ illnesses

it would be an unwanted embryo and would have been destroyed anyway

help burn victims

can test drugs on them instead of animals

29
Q

what is the function of a sperm cell - specialised cell

A

to swim to and fertilise an egg cell

30
Q

what are the adaptations of a sperm cell that help it carry out its function -5

A
  • mitochondria for energy to swim
  • long tail to swim
  • enzymes break down wall of egg
  • nucleus for DNA for fertilisation
  • pointed head to burrow
31
Q

what is the function of a muscle cell

A
  • contraction

movement

32
Q

what are the adaptations of a muscle cell-3

A

can contract and relax -movement

connected to nerve cells

mitochondria for energy

fibres

33
Q

what is the function of a nerve cell

A

fast signalling

34
Q

how are nerve cells adapted-3

A

myelin sheath- speeds electrical impulses

dendrites- recieve neurotransmitters

axon- carries impulse

35
Q

what is the function of a palisade cell

A

absorb sunlight for photosynthesis

36
Q

what are the adaptations of a palisade cell -2

A

chloroplasts

long and flat for a large surface area

37
Q

what is the function of a root hair cell

A

absorb water and minerals

38
Q

what are the adaptations of a root hair cell - 3

A

cell membrane- controls in and out

perméable

extension increases surface area

39
Q

what is the function of xylem and phloem

A

to transport water and sugars

40
Q

how is xylem adapted

A

is hollow water can easily flow

41
Q

how is phylem adapted

A

not many subcellular structures sugars can flow through easily

42
Q

what is a isotonic cell

A

same water to cytoplasm concentration

43
Q

what is a hypertonic cell

A

less water concentration to cytoplasm

44
Q

what is a hypotonic cell

A

more water than cytoplasm concentration

45
Q

what is a gene

A

a short sequence of dna that codes for a specific protein

46
Q

what is DNA short for

A

deoxyribose nucleic acid

47
Q

what are chromosomes

A

coiled up lengths of DNA

48
Q

how many pairs of chromosomes does each nucleus have

A

23 pairs

49
Q

how many chromosomes in total

A

46

50
Q

how many of each gametes

A

23-egg

23-sperm

51
Q

why do cells need to replicate

A

for growth and repair

52
Q

what are the four stages of the cell cycle

A

G1
S
G2
M

53
Q

what happens in G1 phase

A

growth

54
Q

what happens in S

A

DNA synthesis

55
Q

what happens in G2

A

growth and preparation for mitosis

56
Q

what happens in M

A

cell devision or mitosis

57
Q

what are the five stages of mitosis

A

1-genetic information copied

2-chromosomes line up in the middle of the nucleus

3-cell and chromosomes start to split

4-they are pulled appart by spindle fibres

5-two separate daughter cells genetically the same appear

58
Q

what is binary fission

A

prokaryotic cells replication- replication of bacteria cells

59
Q

what happens in binary fissions -4

A

1- plasmids and circular DNA replicate

2- cell gets bigger and plasmids and strands move to opposite poles lf the cell

3- cytoplasm begins to divide and new cell wall form

4- cytoplasm divides and two daughter cells are produced

60
Q

what does each binary fission daughter cell have

A

one copy of circular DNA and varied number of plasmids

61
Q

what is diffusion

A

diffusion is the spreading out of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

62
Q

how can you increase the rate of diffusion

A

increase the concentration gradient because the bigger the concentration gradient the faster the rate of diffusion

a higher temperature give the particles more kinetic energy

63
Q

what sort of membrane does diffusion occur over

A

a partially permeable membrane

64
Q

what sort and size molecules can diffuse over the membrane

A

small molecules like oxygen and glucose and amino acids and water can fit through

big like starch and proteins cant get through

65
Q

what is osmosis

A

osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a partially permable membrane from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration

66
Q

what is active transport

A

active transport is when something needs to be absorbed against the concentration gradient —

67
Q

what does active transport require in the cell membranes

A

protein carriers

68
Q

what three things affect the rate of diffusion

A

temp
concentration gradient
surface area

Biology (4 decks)

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