Topic 3-infection and response Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
what are pathogens
A
microorganisms that enter the body and cause disease
2
Q
what sort of diseases do you get off pathogens
A
communicable -infectious
3
Q
what are four types of pathogen
A
bacteria
fungi
protists
viruses
4
Q
what are bacteria
A
very small cells
5
Q
how do bacteria make you feel ill
A
reproduce rapidly and produce toxins that damage tissues and cells
6
Q
what are bacteria
A
not cells they live in them
7
Q
how do viruses make you feel ill
A
they reproduce rapidly and live inside your cells until the cells burst the cell damage males you feel ill
8
Q
what are protists
A
eukaryotes-single celled
9
Q
what are some protists
A
parasites
10
Q
what do the parasites live on or in
A
organisms
11
Q
how do the organisms get the parasites
A
they live on a vector that doesnt get ill itself
12
Q
what are fungi
A
single celled
13
Q
what are some fungi made of and how does it affect the body
A
some fungi are made if hyphae this hyphae can grow and penetrate the skin the hyphae can produce spores
14
Q
what three ways can pathogens be spread
A
water
air
direct contact
15
Q
how are pathogens spread in air
A
breathed in - droplets in coughs or sneezes
16
Q
how are pathogens spread in water
A
drinking or washing in dirty water
17
Q
how are pathogens spread in direct contact
A
contaminated surface
18
Q
name three viral diseases
A
measles
HIV
Tobacco mosaic virus
19
Q
how is measles spread
A
droplets from an infected persons sneeze or cough
20
Q
what do people with measles develop
A
a red rash and a fever
21
Q
how are people stopped from getting measles
A
vaccination
22
Q
how is HIV spread
A
sex
bodily fluids
sharing needles
23
Q
what does HIV attack
A
the immune system
24
Q
what is a late stage of HIV called
A
AIDS
25
what happens when you have AIDS -immune
your immune system aka white blood cells are damaged you get ill easily and cant fight off illnesses
26
what can HIV be controlled with
antiretroviral drugs
27
what does tobacco mosaic virus affect
plants
28
what does tobacco mosaic do to plants
causes a mosaic pattern on leaves and they become discoloured
29
what does the tobac mosaic discolouration mean
the plant cannot carry out photosynthesis and growth is effected
30
what is an example of a fungal disease
rose black spot
31
what does rose black spot cause
purple or black spots on the leaves of plants
32
what happens to the leaves on rose black spot
they turn yellow and fall off
33
what does this mean less of can happen - rose black spot
photosynthesis plant doesnt grow well
34
how is rose black spot spread
water or wind
35
how can gardeners treat rose black spot
fungicides
36
what must happen to the leaves of plants with rose black spot
burn and strip plants of those leaves so it doesnt spread
37
what is a disease caused by a protist
malaria
38
what is the vector in malaria
mosquitos
39
how does the mosquitoe pass on the protist
when they feed off an animal
40
how can malaria be reduced
stop mosquitos breeding
| use insecticides and mosquito nets
41
what are two diseases caused by bacteria
salmonella
| gonorrhoea
42
what is salmonella
bacteria that causes food poisoning
43
what are the symptoms of salmonella
fever cramps vomiting
44
what are the symptoms of salmonella caused by
the toxins the bacteria produce
45
how can you reduce the amount of salmonella
give poultry a vaccination
46
what is gonorrhoea
sexually transmitted disease
47
how do you get gonorrhoea
sexual contact
48
whar causes gonorrhoea
bacteria
49
what are some of the symptoms gonorrhoea
pain when urinating
| thick green discharge from vaj or penis
50
what was gonorrhoea originally treated with
penicillin
51
why is gonorrhoea now not treated with penicillin
the bacteria has become resistant
52
what can you do to stop yourself getting gonorrhoea or how can it be treated
use barrier methods of contraception
antibiotics
53
how can you prevent the spread of diseases
being hygienic
destroying vectors
isolating the infected
vaccination
54
what is the defence system made up of
skin
hairs and mucus in nose
trachea and bronchi mucus
cilia in trachea n bronchi
stomach has HCL
55
what is the most important part of the immune system
white blood cells
56
what is phagocytosis
when the white blood cell englufs and digests a foreign cell
57
what are white blood cells that produce antibodies called
b - lymphocytes
58
what does every pathogen have on its surface
antigens
59
what does the white blood cell do if it comes across a foreign antigen
it will produce antibodies to attach to the antigens
60
what do painkillers do
mask the symptoms caused by an infection
61
what do antibiotics do
kill the bacteria
62
what to vaccination injections contain
a weakened or dead version of the pathogen/virus
63
what response does the vaccination stimulate from the immune system -6
wbc see foreign antigens
wbcs produce the antibodies
antibodies attach to antigens
more wbc appear
wbc engulf virus
virus digested by enzymes
64
what do memory cells do
retain the information to produce the antibodies for that virus
65
what happens if you come in contact with this virus again
the memory cells produce the correct antibodies quickly and the virus is killed quickly
66
what could happen if a vaccination is not given out
a pandemic may occur
67
what are two pros of vaccinations
prevent epidemics
now control communicable diseases
68
what are cons of vaccinations two
dont always work
bad allergic reactions
69
what do antibiotics do
kill infectious bacteria
70
why dont some people finish a course of antibiotics what is the problem with this
they think they are well but the bacteria might not be dead and so return
71
what does an overuse of antibiotics result in
bacteria resistance
72
what are superbugs
bacteria that become immune to a type of antibiotics and keep reproducing
73
an example of a super bug is
MRSA
74
what is MRSA immune to
antibiotic meticillin
75
what is a mutation
a change in DNA
76
what is health
a state of mental and physical well being
77
what main four factors affect health
diet
stress
disease
life
78
what is a communicable disease
an infectious disease that can be passed on
79
what is a non communicable disease
cannot be passed on aka chronic illnesses
80
what are five common allergic reactions
```
rashes
asthma attacks
itching
watery itchy eyes
congestion in nose
```
81
two examples of infections that may increase risk of cancer
hepatitis virus - liver cancer
HPV - cervical cancer
82
what is a risk factor
something that increases your chance of getting a disease
83
what is cancer caused by
uncontrolled cell growth and decision
84
what two types of tumour are there
benign and malignant
85
what is a benign tumour
this sort of tumour stays in one place normally isnt dangerous and not cancerous
86
when testing drugs what happens in laboratory tests stage 1
drugs are tested on cells grown in a lab
87
what are the limitations of lab tests stage 1
they dont show how a dug affects a whole organ
88
how might a drug fail lab test stage one
the cells become damaged
89
what happens in drug tests stage 2
the drugs are tested on two mammals they are given a certain amount and the side effects are monitored
90
what are some of the purposes of testing on animals
efficiency
toxicity
dose - start small get bigger
91
what happens in clinical testing stage one
substances are tested on healthy volonteers starting at a low dose
92
what are the cons of testing on animals
if it harms the animals it may have a different affect on humans
animals cant talk and say if they feel something wrong
93
why are drugs tested on a healthy human
to see if the drug has any harmful side effects on a normally functioning body
94
what happens in clinical tests phase 2
drugs tested on people who have the disease
95
what does testing on people with the disease do how does it help
find out if the drugs work
have the optimum dose
96
why are drugs tested on a healthy person first
so the drug does make this sick person even sicker
97
what happens in clinical testing stage 3
patients are divided into two groups and one is given the drug other group à placebo
98
what is the placebo affect
when the patient is given a drug they psychologically feel better as they expect the drug to work
99
what does using a placebo help do
find the actual difference the drug makes
100
what are blind trials
volunteers dont know if they are taking a drug or a placebo
101
what is a double blind trial
volonteers or researchers dont know who has the drug or the placebo
102
what happens if the drug passes lab clinical n blind
there are peer reviews to make sure the results arent fake
103
what are monoclonal antibodies
an antibodie that is extracted from one white blood cell and cloned
104
what are white blood cell antibodies known as
b lymphocytes
105
why are monoclonal antibodies important
if you know the antibodie to fight a pathogen you can isolate it clone it and inject into a patient to fight the infection
106
what are antigens
protein that acts as a marker on a cell
107
what is it called when bacteria are clumped together by antibodies enabling them to be digested by wbc
phagocytosis
108
what is the first step in making a monoclonal antibody
a b lymphocyte from a mouse is extracted and the lymphocyte is fused with a tumour cell
109
what is the combination of the mouse lymphocytes and tumour cell called
hybridoma
110
what happens in the second stage of making monoclonal antibodies
hybridoma is cloned these are then cloned and purified
111
what is the third stage of making monoclonal antibodies
monoclonal antibodies are injected into the patient and only bind to target cells
112
what are the two types of tumour
benign
malignement
113
what is a benign tumour
one that isn’t cancerous or dangerous and it usually doesn’t move
114
what is a malignant tumour
tumour grows and spreads and invades healthy tissue they are cancerous
115
what hormone does a pregnant woman produce in her urine
HCG
116
how does a pregnancy test work -5 steps
1- woman wees on stick with the antibodies on
2- hgc binds to antibodies with blue beads
3- urine travels up stick carrying antibodies and blue beads
4- hormone beads antibodies attach to more antibodies in strip in stick
5- the blue beads get stuck to strip turning it blue
117
why are monoclonal antibodies good
leave healthy cells alone
cheaper use smaller dose
fewer side effects tgan radiotherapy of chemotherapy
118
why are monoclonal antibodies bad
side effects are vomiting fever low bp
