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Biology > Topic 3-infection and response > Flashcards

Topic 3-infection and response Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are pathogens

A

microorganisms that enter the body and cause disease

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2
Q

what sort of diseases do you get off pathogens

A

communicable -infectious

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3
Q

what are four types of pathogen

A

bacteria
fungi
protists
viruses

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4
Q

what are bacteria

A

very small cells

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5
Q

how do bacteria make you feel ill

A

reproduce rapidly and produce toxins that damage tissues and cells

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6
Q

what are bacteria

A

not cells they live in them

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7
Q

how do viruses make you feel ill

A

they reproduce rapidly and live inside your cells until the cells burst the cell damage males you feel ill

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8
Q

what are protists

A

eukaryotes-single celled

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9
Q

what are some protists

A

parasites

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10
Q

what do the parasites live on or in

A

organisms

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11
Q

how do the organisms get the parasites

A

they live on a vector that doesnt get ill itself

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12
Q

what are fungi

A

single celled

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13
Q

what are some fungi made of and how does it affect the body

A

some fungi are made if hyphae this hyphae can grow and penetrate the skin the hyphae can produce spores

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14
Q

what three ways can pathogens be spread

A

water
air
direct contact

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15
Q

how are pathogens spread in air

A

breathed in - droplets in coughs or sneezes

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16
Q

how are pathogens spread in water

A

drinking or washing in dirty water

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17
Q

how are pathogens spread in direct contact

A

contaminated surface

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18
Q

name three viral diseases

A

measles
HIV
Tobacco mosaic virus

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19
Q

how is measles spread

A

droplets from an infected persons sneeze or cough

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20
Q

what do people with measles develop

A

a red rash and a fever

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21
Q

how are people stopped from getting measles

A

vaccination

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22
Q

how is HIV spread

A

sex
bodily fluids
sharing needles

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23
Q

what does HIV attack

A

the immune system

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24
Q

what is a late stage of HIV called

A

AIDS

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25
Q

what happens when you have AIDS -immune

A

your immune system aka white blood cells are damaged you get ill easily and cant fight off illnesses

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26
Q

what can HIV be controlled with

A

antiretroviral drugs

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27
Q

what does tobacco mosaic virus affect

A

plants

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28
Q

what does tobacco mosaic do to plants

A

causes a mosaic pattern on leaves and they become discoloured

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29
Q

what does the tobac mosaic discolouration mean

A

the plant cannot carry out photosynthesis and growth is effected

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30
Q

what is an example of a fungal disease

A

rose black spot

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31
Q

what does rose black spot cause

A

purple or black spots on the leaves of plants

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32
Q

what happens to the leaves on rose black spot

A

they turn yellow and fall off

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33
Q

what does this mean less of can happen - rose black spot

A

photosynthesis plant doesnt grow well

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34
Q

how is rose black spot spread

A

water or wind

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35
Q

how can gardeners treat rose black spot

A

fungicides

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36
Q

what must happen to the leaves of plants with rose black spot

A

burn and strip plants of those leaves so it doesnt spread

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37
Q

what is a disease caused by a protist

A

malaria

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38
Q

what is the vector in malaria

A

mosquitos

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39
Q

how does the mosquitoe pass on the protist

A

when they feed off an animal

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40
Q

how can malaria be reduced

A

stop mosquitos breeding

use insecticides and mosquito nets

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41
Q

what are two diseases caused by bacteria

A

salmonella

gonorrhoea

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42
Q

what is salmonella

A

bacteria that causes food poisoning

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43
Q

what are the symptoms of salmonella

A

fever cramps vomiting

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44
Q

what are the symptoms of salmonella caused by

A

the toxins the bacteria produce

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45
Q

how can you reduce the amount of salmonella

A

give poultry a vaccination

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46
Q

what is gonorrhoea

A

sexually transmitted disease

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47
Q

how do you get gonorrhoea

A

sexual contact

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48
Q

whar causes gonorrhoea

A

bacteria

49
Q

what are some of the symptoms gonorrhoea

A

pain when urinating

thick green discharge from vaj or penis

50
Q

what was gonorrhoea originally treated with

A

penicillin

51
Q

why is gonorrhoea now not treated with penicillin

A

the bacteria has become resistant

52
Q

what can you do to stop yourself getting gonorrhoea or how can it be treated

A

use barrier methods of contraception

antibiotics

53
Q

how can you prevent the spread of diseases

A

being hygienic

destroying vectors

isolating the infected

vaccination

54
Q

what is the defence system made up of

A

skin

hairs and mucus in nose

trachea and bronchi mucus

cilia in trachea n bronchi

stomach has HCL

55
Q

what is the most important part of the immune system

A

white blood cells

56
Q

what is phagocytosis

A

when the white blood cell englufs and digests a foreign cell

57
Q

what are white blood cells that produce antibodies called

A

b - lymphocytes

58
Q

what does every pathogen have on its surface

A

antigens

59
Q

what does the white blood cell do if it comes across a foreign antigen

A

it will produce antibodies to attach to the antigens

60
Q

what do painkillers do

A

mask the symptoms caused by an infection

61
Q

what do antibiotics do

A

kill the bacteria

62
Q

what to vaccination injections contain

A

a weakened or dead version of the pathogen/virus

63
Q

what response does the vaccination stimulate from the immune system -6

A

wbc see foreign antigens

wbcs produce the antibodies

antibodies attach to antigens

more wbc appear

wbc engulf virus

virus digested by enzymes

64
Q

what do memory cells do

A

retain the information to produce the antibodies for that virus

65
Q

what happens if you come in contact with this virus again

A

the memory cells produce the correct antibodies quickly and the virus is killed quickly

66
Q

what could happen if a vaccination is not given out

A

a pandemic may occur

67
Q

what are two pros of vaccinations

A

prevent epidemics

now control communicable diseases

68
Q

what are cons of vaccinations two

A

dont always work

bad allergic reactions

69
Q

what do antibiotics do

A

kill infectious bacteria

70
Q

why dont some people finish a course of antibiotics what is the problem with this

A

they think they are well but the bacteria might not be dead and so return

71
Q

what does an overuse of antibiotics result in

A

bacteria resistance

72
Q

what are superbugs

A

bacteria that become immune to a type of antibiotics and keep reproducing

73
Q

an example of a super bug is

A

MRSA

74
Q

what is MRSA immune to

A

antibiotic meticillin

75
Q

what is a mutation

A

a change in DNA

76
Q

what is health

A

a state of mental and physical well being

77
Q

what main four factors affect health

A

diet
stress
disease
life

78
Q

what is a communicable disease

A

an infectious disease that can be passed on

79
Q

what is a non communicable disease

A

cannot be passed on aka chronic illnesses

80
Q

what are five common allergic reactions

A 
rashes
asthma attacks
itching
watery itchy eyes
congestion in nose
81
Q

two examples of infections that may increase risk of cancer

A

hepatitis virus - liver cancer

HPV - cervical cancer

82
Q

what is a risk factor

A

something that increases your chance of getting a disease

83
Q

what is cancer caused by

A

uncontrolled cell growth and decision

84
Q

what two types of tumour are there

A

benign and malignant

85
Q

what is a benign tumour

A

this sort of tumour stays in one place normally isnt dangerous and not cancerous

86
Q

when testing drugs what happens in laboratory tests stage 1

A

drugs are tested on cells grown in a lab

87
Q

what are the limitations of lab tests stage 1

A

they dont show how a dug affects a whole organ

88
Q

how might a drug fail lab test stage one

A

the cells become damaged

89
Q

what happens in drug tests stage 2

A

the drugs are tested on two mammals they are given a certain amount and the side effects are monitored

90
Q

what are some of the purposes of testing on animals

A

efficiency

toxicity

dose - start small get bigger

91
Q

what happens in clinical testing stage one

A

substances are tested on healthy volonteers starting at a low dose

92
Q

what are the cons of testing on animals

A

if it harms the animals it may have a different affect on humans

animals cant talk and say if they feel something wrong

93
Q

why are drugs tested on a healthy human

A

to see if the drug has any harmful side effects on a normally functioning body

94
Q

what happens in clinical tests phase 2

A

drugs tested on people who have the disease

95
Q

what does testing on people with the disease do how does it help

A

find out if the drugs work

have the optimum dose

96
Q

why are drugs tested on a healthy person first

A

so the drug does make this sick person even sicker

97
Q

what happens in clinical testing stage 3

A

patients are divided into two groups and one is given the drug other group à placebo

98
Q

what is the placebo affect

A

when the patient is given a drug they psychologically feel better as they expect the drug to work

99
Q

what does using a placebo help do

A

find the actual difference the drug makes

100
Q

what are blind trials

A

volunteers dont know if they are taking a drug or a placebo

101
Q

what is a double blind trial

A

volonteers or researchers dont know who has the drug or the placebo

102
Q

what happens if the drug passes lab clinical n blind

A

there are peer reviews to make sure the results arent fake

103
Q

what are monoclonal antibodies

A

an antibodie that is extracted from one white blood cell and cloned

104
Q

what are white blood cell antibodies known as

A

b lymphocytes

105
Q

why are monoclonal antibodies important

A

if you know the antibodie to fight a pathogen you can isolate it clone it and inject into a patient to fight the infection

106
Q

what are antigens

A

protein that acts as a marker on a cell

107
Q

what is it called when bacteria are clumped together by antibodies enabling them to be digested by wbc

A

phagocytosis

108
Q

what is the first step in making a monoclonal antibody

A

a b lymphocyte from a mouse is extracted and the lymphocyte is fused with a tumour cell

109
Q

what is the combination of the mouse lymphocytes and tumour cell called

A

hybridoma

110
Q

what happens in the second stage of making monoclonal antibodies

A

hybridoma is cloned these are then cloned and purified

111
Q

what is the third stage of making monoclonal antibodies

A

monoclonal antibodies are injected into the patient and only bind to target cells

112
Q

what are the two types of tumour

A

benign

malignement

113
Q

what is a benign tumour

A

one that isn’t cancerous or dangerous and it usually doesn’t move

114
Q

what is a malignant tumour

A

tumour grows and spreads and invades healthy tissue they are cancerous

115
Q

what hormone does a pregnant woman produce in her urine

A

HCG

116
Q

how does a pregnancy test work -5 steps

A

1- woman wees on stick with the antibodies on

2- hgc binds to antibodies with blue beads

3- urine travels up stick carrying antibodies and blue beads

4- hormone beads antibodies attach to more antibodies in strip in stick

5- the blue beads get stuck to strip turning it blue

117
Q

why are monoclonal antibodies good

A

leave healthy cells alone

cheaper use smaller dose

fewer side effects tgan radiotherapy of chemotherapy

118
Q

why are monoclonal antibodies bad

A

side effects are vomiting fever low bp

Biology (4 decks)

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