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A Level Biology - Seneca Topic Flashcards > Topic 4 > Flashcards

Topic 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Species Richness

A

Number of Species in a habitat/community

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2
Q

Speciation

A

Two or more species emerge from a species

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3
Q

How does Evolution occur?

A

When two species are reproductively isolated , natural selection separates species

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4
Q

Biodiversity

A

The complexity of a biological community

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5
Q

Habitat

A

Area where an organisms lives

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6
Q

Factors which effect Biodiversity?

A
  • Human Population Growth
  • Agriculture
  • Climate Change
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7
Q

Evolution

A

Causes Reproductively isolated populations to evolve in different directions

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8
Q

Monoculture

A

Practise where farmers grow only one crop species in field

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9
Q

Adaptation definition

A

traits that have been selected for because they help increase an organisms chance of survival

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10
Q

Example of Behavioural Adaptations

A
  • Evolved to increase survival

- Can be learnt or inherited

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11
Q

Example of Anatomical Adaptations

A

-Physical Structures to increase survival

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12
Q

Example of Physiological Adaptations

A

-Processes within the body that have evolved

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13
Q

Natural Selection

A

-Process that leads to evolution in a population

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14
Q

Four Key principles of Natural Selection

A
  • Random Mutation
  • Variation in Mutations
  • Inheritance
  • Change in allele frequency
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15
Q

What is Random Mutation

A
  • Changes in gene sequence of DNA
  • Can arise spontaneously
  • Result in alleles of a gene
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16
Q

What is Variations in Mutations

A
  • Most mutations are harmful
  • Alter function of a gene
  • If you have a beneficial allele you can survive and reproduce
17
Q

How does Inheritance effect Natural Selection

A
  • Individual Reproduces
  • inherit half its genes
  • Advantageous allele also passed on
18
Q

Biological Definition of a Species

A

-A population of organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring

19
Q

Taxa

A

-A group of closely related organisms

20
Q

Whats is Taxa dependent on?

A

-Phylogeny of organisms (evolutionary)

21
Q

What is the Hierarchy divided to for classification

A
  • Smaller taxa

- Organisms can only belong to one taxa

22
Q

7 Stages in Linnaean Hierarchy

A
  • Kingdom
  • Phylum
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genius
  • Species
23
Q

3 Groups Woese concluded

A

Archaea - primitive bacteria
Bacteria - true bacteria
Eukaryota - organisms possessing sub-cellular structures

24
Q

Chloroplasts function

A

-Carry out photosynthesis

25
Q

Cellulose

A

-main component of plant and algal cell walls

26
Q

Chitin

A

-main component of fungal walls

27
Q

What is Xylem responsible for

A

-transporting water and mineral ions

28
Q

Structure of a Xylem

A
  • Long tubes of cells
  • No end of tubes (continuous flow of water)
  • Lignin - provides structural support
29
Q

What are cells of xylem vessels called

A

-vessel elements (dead)

30
Q

How does water flow up the Xylem

A

-Cohesion-Tension Theory

31
Q

4 steps of the Cohesion-Tension Theory

A

1) Transpiration
2) Tension
3) Cohesion
4) Diffusion in roots

32
Q

Xylem flow of water - Transpiration

A
  • Water leaves leaves via transpiration

- Some leaves as used in respiration

33
Q

Xylem flow of water - Tension

A
  • Formation of hydrogen bonds between water molecules and side of vessel elements
  • Due to loss of water via leaves
  • Pulls water upto leaves
34
Q

Xylem flow of water - Cohesion

A

-Individual water molecules form hydrogen bonds with eachother

35
Q

Xylem flow of water - Diffusion in Roots

A
  • When water pulled up stem
  • Water potential decreases
  • Diffuses via osmosis
  • Creates conc. gradient
36
Q

Steps in Water transport in Xylem?

A

1) Water evaporated from leaves - transpiration
2) Loss of water creates tension in xylem
3) Water pulled upwards via xylem
4) Water molecules form Hydrogen bonds via cohesion
5) Water pulled upwards via cohesion
6) Water diffuses through roots to replace water lost in bottom

A Level Biology - Seneca Topic Flashcards (8 decks)

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