Topic 3 Flashcards

(67 cards)

1
Q

Two fundamental groups of cell?

A

Prokaryote and Eukaryote

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2
Q

Plants Cells extra Organelles?

A
  • Vacuoles
  • Chloroplasts for Photosynthesis
  • Cell wall made of cellulose
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3
Q

Similarities of Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells

A
  • Contain organelles

- Cell surface membrane both made of Phospholipid Bilayer (responsible for passage of substances)

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4
Q

Differences of Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells

A

Pro - make up single celled organisms (Bacteria)
Eu - complex organisms (Animals, Plants)
Eukaryotic Cells are larger and more complex

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5
Q

Differences between fungal cells and plant cells

A
  • No Chloroplasts in fungal cells

- Cell wall made of Chitin not Cellulose

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6
Q

Nucleus Function

A

-Contains cells DNA, surrounded by Nuclear Envelope

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7
Q

Mitochondria Function

A
  • Site for respiration

- Site for ATP production

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8
Q

Structure of Golgi Apparatus?

A

-Series of flattened membrane sacs

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9
Q

Function of the Golgi Apparatus?

A
  • Transport Vesicles from ER and fuse with Golgi Apparatus
  • Transport Vesicles empty proteins and lipids into lumen of Golgi Apparatus
  • As Proteins and Lipids travel through Golgi, they are stored and packaged
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10
Q

Structure of Golgi Vesicles?

A
  • Membrane bound, fluid filled vesicles in cytoplasm

- Eg Lysosomes

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11
Q

Function of Golgi Vesicles?

A

-Store and transport modified proteins and lipids from Golgi Apparatus to target cells

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12
Q

Functions of Lysosomes?

A

-Aid Breakdown of Proteins, lipids eg

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13
Q

Structure of Ribosomes?

A
  • Free Floating in cytoplasm or attached to side of ER

- Made of protein sub-units, not covered by a membrane

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14
Q

Function of Ribosomes?

A

-Protein Synthesis

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15
Q

Structure of ER?

A
  • Series of interconnected membranous sacs and tubules
  • Membrane of ER is a phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins
  • SER has no ribosomes
  • RER has many on surfaces
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16
Q

Function of RER?

A

-Processing and folding of proteins

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17
Q

Function of SER?

A

-Making and processing of lipids

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18
Q

Structure of Plasma Membrane?

A
  • Fluid Mosaic Model

- Made up of components (Phospholipids,Proteins,Cholesterol)

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19
Q

Role of Phospholipids in Plasma membrane?

A
  • primary component (contain hydrophobic/hydrophilic heads)

- Hydrophilic Outwards/Hydrophobic Inside

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20
Q

Function of Plasma Membrane?

A
  • Protect cells from surrounding environment

- Semi-Permeable meaning some substances can pass through

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21
Q

Structure of Cell Walls?

A
  • Rigid Covering which protect cells
  • Plant, fungal, algal all have this
  • Fungal - Chitin
  • Plant/Agal - Cellulose
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22
Q

What is Cellulose?

A

Polysaccharide made up of Glucose Units

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23
Q

Features of Plasma Membrane?

A
  • Involved in Cell signalling
  • Fluid
  • Semi-Permeable
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24
Q

Structure of Centrioles?

A

-Cylindrical Shape made up of parallel microtubules

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25
Function of Centrioles?
-Help Organise mitotic spindle during Cell Division
26
Mitosis - Interphase
- Cell prepares to divide - Two copies of Chromosome - ATP produced - Cell division
27
Mitosis - Prophase
- Nuclear Envelope breaks down - Chromosomes coil more tightly (light microscope) - Centrioles move to opposite poles
28
Mitosis - Metaphase
- Chromosomes line up along mid-line of cell - Condensed more - Attached to a spindle by Centromere
29
Mitosis - Anaphase
- Chromosomes break into two chromatids | - Spindles push chromatids to opposite poles
30
Mitosis - Telephase
- Chromosomes reach opposite poles - Begin to unravel - Nuclear Envelopes form around chromosomes - Cytoplasm Splits two envelopes - Daughter cells formed
31
Mitosis steps Acrynym
- I - Picked - My - Apples - Today
32
Mitosis - Asexual Reproduction
- Produces identical cells - clonal organisms - No shuffling of genes - Only one parent cell - No genetic variation
33
Step 1 - Cell Root Tip Core Practical
1) Sample Preparation - Wear Gloves - Sprouting root tips - Placed in 5M hydrochloric Acid
34
Step 2 - Cell Root Tip Core Practical
2) Cut Root Tips - Use sharp scalpel - 2mm long - Place on microscopic slide
35
Step 3 - Cell Root Tip Core Practical
3) Staining - 2-3 drops of stain, leave for 2 minutes - Place Cover strip
36
Step 4 - Cell Root Tip Core Practical
4) Squashing | - Squash Down - applying force to cover strip
37
Step 5 - Cell Root Tip Core Practical
5) Viewing the Sample - Place on Microscope - lowest power lens - Power 400x - more powerful so should see chromosomes
38
Steps of Cell Root Tip Core Practical
1) Prepare Sample 2) Cut Root Tips 3) Stain Root Tips 4) Squash Root Tips 5) View Root Tips on 400x power microscope
39
Centriole
-Cylindrical organelles which are involved in development of Spindle Fibres
40
Cytokinesis
-Division of Cytoplasm, separates into two daughter cells
41
Chromatids
- Two thread like strands when chromosome divides | - Each contains double helix
42
Centromere
-central region of chromosome which microtubules attach to spindle
43
What is a Flagella used for?
-Used for Locomotion
44
What is the Pili used for?
-Exchange genetic material called conjugation
45
What is the Fimbriae used for?
-Used by Bacteria to attach a host cell
46
Bits in Prokaryotes
- Lacks Membrane Bound Organelles - No Nucleus - Plasmids (singular circular DNA) - Polysaccharide capsule
47
What is the Cell Cycle?
-Cells on path to cell division
48
2 Phases of the Cell Cycle?
- Interphase | - Mitotic Phase
49
What is Interphase in the Cell Cycle responsible for?
-Cells grow and DNA replicated
50
3 Growth Stages - Interphase Cell Cycle?
- G1 - Cell Grows - S - DNA synthesis occurs - G2 - Grows more before mitotic stage
51
What is Mitotic phase in the Cell Cycle responsible for?
-Replicated DNA and cytoplasmic contents are separated
52
Meiosis Definition
-Produces haploid gamete cells from Diploid Cells
53
What are Gametes?
- Sex Cells | - Haploid
54
Genetic Variation in Meiosis?
- Produces 4 different daughter cells | - Different combinations of chromosomes
55
Two Ways Genetic Variation Occurs?
- Crossing Over | - Independent assortment
56
What is Crossing Over?
- Chromosomes of Homologous pair lined up down middle | - Sections of DNA swapped between chromosomes
57
What is Independent Assortment?
- Chromosomes in a homologous pair are separated in a random formation - Produces 2 daughter cells
58
What is Epigenetic regulation
-interacts with DNA to control access of DNA
59
Chromatin Structure
- Combination of DNA and Histomes | - Surrounded by chemical layer called epigenome
60
Epigenome
- Interacts with chromatin to change structure | - Covers chromatin
61
Epigenome effect on Chromatin
- More condensed - prevents transcription factors from binding to DNA - Less Condensed - transcription factors easier access
62
Function of Epigenetic markers on Chromatins
- Makes it more or less condensed when epigenetic markers are attached to histone - Alter chromatin structure
63
Examples of Epigenetic Markers
- Methyl groups | - Acetyl groups
64
Effect of Increased Methylation
- Methyl binds to CpG (Cytosine/Guanine) site on DNA - Caused Chromatin to be condensed - transcription facotrs cannot reach DNA - Inhibits Transcription
65
Effect of Decreased Methylation
- Removed from Histone proteins - Increased positive charge on histones - Increases attraction to phosphate groups on DNA - Chromosome condenses
66
When Chromatin is condensed...
- Increased Methylation | - Decreased Acetylation
67
When Chromatin is less condensed...
- Decreased Methylation | - Increased Acetylation