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A Level Biology - Seneca Topic Flashcards > Topic 3 > Flashcards

Topic 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Two fundamental groups of cell?

A

Prokaryote and Eukaryote

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2
Q

Plants Cells extra Organelles?

A
  • Vacuoles
  • Chloroplasts for Photosynthesis
  • Cell wall made of cellulose
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3
Q

Similarities of Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells

A
  • Contain organelles

- Cell surface membrane both made of Phospholipid Bilayer (responsible for passage of substances)

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4
Q

Differences of Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells

A

Pro - make up single celled organisms (Bacteria)
Eu - complex organisms (Animals, Plants)
Eukaryotic Cells are larger and more complex

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5
Q

Differences between fungal cells and plant cells

A
  • No Chloroplasts in fungal cells

- Cell wall made of Chitin not Cellulose

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6
Q

Nucleus Function

A

-Contains cells DNA, surrounded by Nuclear Envelope

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7
Q

Mitochondria Function

A
  • Site for respiration

- Site for ATP production

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8
Q

Structure of Golgi Apparatus?

A

-Series of flattened membrane sacs

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9
Q

Function of the Golgi Apparatus?

A
  • Transport Vesicles from ER and fuse with Golgi Apparatus
  • Transport Vesicles empty proteins and lipids into lumen of Golgi Apparatus
  • As Proteins and Lipids travel through Golgi, they are stored and packaged
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10
Q

Structure of Golgi Vesicles?

A
  • Membrane bound, fluid filled vesicles in cytoplasm

- Eg Lysosomes

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11
Q

Function of Golgi Vesicles?

A

-Store and transport modified proteins and lipids from Golgi Apparatus to target cells

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12
Q

Functions of Lysosomes?

A

-Aid Breakdown of Proteins, lipids eg

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13
Q

Structure of Ribosomes?

A
  • Free Floating in cytoplasm or attached to side of ER

- Made of protein sub-units, not covered by a membrane

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14
Q

Function of Ribosomes?

A

-Protein Synthesis

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15
Q

Structure of ER?

A
  • Series of interconnected membranous sacs and tubules
  • Membrane of ER is a phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins
  • SER has no ribosomes
  • RER has many on surfaces
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16
Q

Function of RER?

A

-Processing and folding of proteins

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17
Q

Function of SER?

A

-Making and processing of lipids

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18
Q

Structure of Plasma Membrane?

A
  • Fluid Mosaic Model

- Made up of components (Phospholipids,Proteins,Cholesterol)

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19
Q

Role of Phospholipids in Plasma membrane?

A
  • primary component (contain hydrophobic/hydrophilic heads)

- Hydrophilic Outwards/Hydrophobic Inside

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20
Q

Function of Plasma Membrane?

A
  • Protect cells from surrounding environment

- Semi-Permeable meaning some substances can pass through

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21
Q

Structure of Cell Walls?

A
  • Rigid Covering which protect cells
  • Plant, fungal, algal all have this
  • Fungal - Chitin
  • Plant/Agal - Cellulose
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22
Q

What is Cellulose?

A

Polysaccharide made up of Glucose Units

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23
Q

Features of Plasma Membrane?

A
  • Involved in Cell signalling
  • Fluid
  • Semi-Permeable
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24
Q

Structure of Centrioles?

A

-Cylindrical Shape made up of parallel microtubules

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25
Q

Function of Centrioles?

A

-Help Organise mitotic spindle during Cell Division

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26
Q

Mitosis - Interphase

A
  • Cell prepares to divide
  • Two copies of Chromosome
  • ATP produced - Cell division
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27
Q

Mitosis - Prophase

A
  • Nuclear Envelope breaks down
  • Chromosomes coil more tightly (light microscope)
  • Centrioles move to opposite poles
28
Q

Mitosis - Metaphase

A
  • Chromosomes line up along mid-line of cell
  • Condensed more
  • Attached to a spindle by Centromere
29
Q

Mitosis - Anaphase

A
  • Chromosomes break into two chromatids

- Spindles push chromatids to opposite poles

30
Q

Mitosis - Telephase

A
  • Chromosomes reach opposite poles
  • Begin to unravel
  • Nuclear Envelopes form around chromosomes
  • Cytoplasm Splits two envelopes
  • Daughter cells formed
31
Q

Mitosis steps Acrynym

A
  • I
  • Picked
  • My
  • Apples
  • Today
32
Q

Mitosis - Asexual Reproduction

A
  • Produces identical cells - clonal organisms
  • No shuffling of genes
  • Only one parent cell
  • No genetic variation
33
Q

Step 1 - Cell Root Tip Core Practical

A

1) Sample Preparation
- Wear Gloves
- Sprouting root tips
- Placed in 5M hydrochloric Acid

34
Q

Step 2 - Cell Root Tip Core Practical

A

2) Cut Root Tips
- Use sharp scalpel - 2mm long
- Place on microscopic slide

35
Q

Step 3 - Cell Root Tip Core Practical

A

3) Staining
- 2-3 drops of stain, leave for 2 minutes
- Place Cover strip

36
Q

Step 4 - Cell Root Tip Core Practical

A

4) Squashing

- Squash Down - applying force to cover strip

37
Q

Step 5 - Cell Root Tip Core Practical

A

5) Viewing the Sample
- Place on Microscope - lowest power lens
- Power 400x - more powerful so should see chromosomes

38
Q

Steps of Cell Root Tip Core Practical

A

1) Prepare Sample
2) Cut Root Tips
3) Stain Root Tips
4) Squash Root Tips
5) View Root Tips on 400x power microscope

39
Q

Centriole

A

-Cylindrical organelles which are involved in development of Spindle Fibres

40
Q

Cytokinesis

A

-Division of Cytoplasm, separates into two daughter cells

41
Q

Chromatids

A
  • Two thread like strands when chromosome divides

- Each contains double helix

42
Q

Centromere

A

-central region of chromosome which microtubules attach to spindle

43
Q

What is a Flagella used for?

A

-Used for Locomotion

44
Q

What is the Pili used for?

A

-Exchange genetic material called conjugation

45
Q

What is the Fimbriae used for?

A

-Used by Bacteria to attach a host cell

46
Q

Bits in Prokaryotes

A
  • Lacks Membrane Bound Organelles
  • No Nucleus
  • Plasmids (singular circular DNA)
  • Polysaccharide capsule
47
Q

What is the Cell Cycle?

A

-Cells on path to cell division

48
Q

2 Phases of the Cell Cycle?

A
  • Interphase

- Mitotic Phase

49
Q

What is Interphase in the Cell Cycle responsible for?

A

-Cells grow and DNA replicated

50
Q

3 Growth Stages - Interphase Cell Cycle?

A
  • G1 - Cell Grows
  • S - DNA synthesis occurs
  • G2 - Grows more before mitotic stage
51
Q

What is Mitotic phase in the Cell Cycle responsible for?

A

-Replicated DNA and cytoplasmic contents are separated

52
Q

Meiosis Definition

A

-Produces haploid gamete cells from Diploid Cells

53
Q

What are Gametes?

A
  • Sex Cells

- Haploid

54
Q

Genetic Variation in Meiosis?

A
  • Produces 4 different daughter cells

- Different combinations of chromosomes

55
Q

Two Ways Genetic Variation Occurs?

A
  • Crossing Over

- Independent assortment

56
Q

What is Crossing Over?

A
  • Chromosomes of Homologous pair lined up down middle

- Sections of DNA swapped between chromosomes

57
Q

What is Independent Assortment?

A
  • Chromosomes in a homologous pair are separated in a random formation
  • Produces 2 daughter cells
58
Q

What is Epigenetic regulation

A

-interacts with DNA to control access of DNA

59
Q

Chromatin Structure

A
  • Combination of DNA and Histomes

- Surrounded by chemical layer called epigenome

60
Q

Epigenome

A
  • Interacts with chromatin to change structure

- Covers chromatin

61
Q

Epigenome effect on Chromatin

A
  • More condensed - prevents transcription factors from binding to DNA
  • Less Condensed - transcription factors easier access
62
Q

Function of Epigenetic markers on Chromatins

A
  • Makes it more or less condensed when epigenetic markers are attached to histone
  • Alter chromatin structure
63
Q

Examples of Epigenetic Markers

A
  • Methyl groups

- Acetyl groups

64
Q

Effect of Increased Methylation

A
  • Methyl binds to CpG (Cytosine/Guanine) site on DNA
  • Caused Chromatin to be condensed
  • transcription facotrs cannot reach DNA
  • Inhibits Transcription
65
Q

Effect of Decreased Methylation

A
  • Removed from Histone proteins
  • Increased positive charge on histones
  • Increases attraction to phosphate groups on DNA
  • Chromosome condenses
66
Q

When Chromatin is condensed…

A
  • Increased Methylation

- Decreased Acetylation

67
Q

When Chromatin is less condensed…

A
  • Decreased Methylation

- Increased Acetylation

A Level Biology - Seneca Topic Flashcards (8 decks)

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