Topic 1 Flashcards
Artery Function?
Carry Oxygenated blood away from heart
Vein Function?
Carry Deoxygenated blood towards the Heart
Pulmonary Artery special function?
- Only artery that carries deoxygenated blood
- Carried from heart to the lungs
Pulmonary Vein special function?
- Only vein to carry oxygenated blood
- Carried from lungs to the heart
Aorta?
-Oxygenated blood flows from the heart to the rest of the body
Vena Cava?
-Carries deoxygenated blood into the heart
Coronary Artery?
-Blood vessels supplying blood to the heart
Renal Artery?
-Oxygenated blood flows to get to kidneys
Atoms in Water charges?
- Oxygen atoms -> Slightly Negative Charge
- Hydrogen -> Slightly Positive Charge
What does Water include to be important?
- Reactant in cells
- Provides structural support
- Keeps organisms cool - maintain temp
- Hydrogen bonding
Heat of Vaporisation meaning in Water?
Amount of energy needed to to change one gram of liquid to gas
Cohesive Properties meaning in Water?
Strong attraction between molecules due to hydrogen bonds
Specific Heat Capacity meaning in Water?
Amount of heat one gram of substance absorbs/loses to change temp by one degree celsius
Good Solvent meaning in Water?
Ions and Polar molecules can easily dissolve in water
Good Metabolite meaning in Water?
Used or formed in many reactions eg condensation and hydrolysis
Capillaries function
Very thin walls for gas exchange between blood and organs
Location of Capillaries and why it helps?
- Very close to body cells
- Very short diffusion distance
- Rapid Gas exchange
Walls of Capillaries and why it helps?
- Endothelium is one cell thick
- Allows efficient gas exchange
Surface Area of Capillaries and why it helps?
- Arterioles split into million of capillaries that form networks around body (capillary beds)
- Create large SA
Role of the Lymphatic System?
Recycles excess tissue fluid
Arterioles
Small blood vessels which branch from arteries
Venules
Small blood vessels that collect blood coming out of capillaries
Veins
Vessels that transport blood back to the heart, have a thin muscle wall
Arteries
Vessels that transport blood away from the heart to the organ, have a thick muscular wall
How are substances carried in the capillaries
Tissue Fluid
What is Tissue fluid?
Combination of oxygen, water and nutrients
What is Pressure Filtration?
Substances that move into the tissue fluid from the capillaries
How does the Pressure Gradient affect Capillaries?
- High Pressure Gradient at entrance to capillary bed
- High pressure creates pressure gradient
Movement of Fluid in Capillaries?
-Flows down pressure gradient into the surrounding space (Pressure Filtration)
What occurs in Right Ventricle?
- RA Contracts -> deox. blood -> RV
- RV Contracts -> deox. blood -> Pulm Art -> Lungs
Function of Atrio-Ventricular Valves?
-prevents blood RV -> RA
Function of Semi-Lunar Valves?
-prevents blood Pulm -> RV
What occurs in Right Atrium?
-Deox enters via Vena Cava
What occurs in Left Atrium?
-Oxy blood -> LA via pulm vein
What occurs in Left Ventricle?
- LA contracts -> LV
- LV muscle thicker muscle to transport around body
Effect of Cardiac Cycle on Ventricle Pressure?
- Contraction causes massive inc in pressure
- Slight inc. when ventricles relax
- Slight inc. atrial contraction
Atria in the Cardiac Cycle?
- Contract = inc. pressure
- Relax = dec. pressure
Stages in Cardiac Cycle?
1) Contraction of atria
2) Blood -> Ventricles
3) Contaction of Ventricles
4) Atrio-Ven valves shut
5) Blood forced out of heart
6) Semi-Lunar valves shut
7) Relaxation of Ven. and atria
Atheroma
deposition of materials in the walls of the arteries
Effects of Atherosclerosis?
- Endothelium damaged due to lipid and WBC deposited
- LDL transports cholesterol in blood
- cholesterol builds up - atheroma formed
- Overtime they form hard fibrous plaque
Narrow Lumen Consequences - Atherosclerosis
- Due to Fibrous Plaque built up (Atheroma)
- Increased Blood Pressure
What is Coronary Heart Disease?
-Due to lots of Atheromas
What is Atherosclerosis
-Blockage of an artery due to build up of fatty acids
What can Atherosclerosis Cause
- Angina - chest pains
- myocardial infections
What is an Aneurysm
-Increased blood pressure can cause elastic fibres in the artery to swell
What is Thrombosis
-Platelets combine to form a clot
3 factors which can cause CVD?
- Smoking
- High Blood Pressure
- Diet
Smoking effect on CVD?
-Carbon Monoxide reduces amount of oxygen haemoglobin can take
High Blood Pressure effect on CVD?
-Can cause Atheromas forming
Diet effect on CVD?
- High in fat = higher cholesterol levels
- contributes to formation of atheromas
4 types of treatment for CVD?
- Statins
- Antihypertensives
- Anticoagulants
- Platelet inhibitors
Statins treatment
- Statins lower cholesterol (LDLs)
- should be taken everyday
Side effects of Statins
- Headaches
- Feeling sick
Antihypertensives treatment
- Used to treat high blood pressure
- eg beta blocker
Side effects of Antihypertensives
-Headaches
Anticoagulants treatment
- Used to lower the risk of blood clots
- Warfarin
Side effects of Anticoagulants
- Nose bleeds
- Severe bleeding
Platelets Inhibitors treatment
-Prevent platelets combining meaning less chance of clot forming
Side effects of Platelets inhibitors
- Excessive Bleeding
- Nausea
