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Design Topics 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 > Topic 4 > Flashcards

Topic 4 Flashcards

1
Q

list the physical properties

A
  • mass
  • weight
  • volume
  • density
  • electrical resistivity
  • thermal conductivity
  • thermal expansion
  • hardness
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2
Q

list the mechanical properties

A
  • tensile and compressive strength
  • stiffness
  • toughness
  • ductility
  • elasticity
  • plasticity
  • Young’s Modulus
  • stress
  • strain
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3
Q

list the aesthetic characteristics

A
  • taste
  • smell
  • appearance
  • texture
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4
Q

list the properties of smart materials

A
  • piezo electricity
  • shape memory
  • photocromocity
  • magneto-rheostatic
  • electro-rheostatic
  • thermoelectricity
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5
Q

mass definition

A

amount of matter contained in a space

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6
Q

weight

A

a force measured in Newtons (changes w gravity)

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7
Q

volume

A

amount of 3-dimensional space taken up

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8
Q

density

A

the relationship between mass and unit of volume (mass/volume)

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9
Q

electrical resistivity

A

a material’s ability to conduct or resist electricity

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10
Q

thermal conductivity

A

a measure of how fast heat moves through the material

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11
Q

thermal expansion

A

the degree to which a material increases in its dimensions due to heat

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12
Q

hardness

A

the resistance of a material to scratching or penetration

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13
Q

tensile strength

A

ability of a material to withstand pulling forces
- important for selecting materials for ropes and cables

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14
Q

compressive strength

A

ability of a material to withstand being pushed or squashed
- important for selecting materials for structures e.g. pillars

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15
Q

stiffness

A

the resistance of an elastic body to deflection by an applied force

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16
Q

toughness

A

the ability of a material to absorb energy and plastically deform without fracturing
- (a material’s resistance to fracture when stressed)

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17
Q

plasticity

A

ability of a material to be changed in shape permanently by external blows or pressure without cracking or breaking

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18
Q

stress

A

the force per unit area of a material
- normally determined by applying a tensile force to material

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19
Q

strain

A

after a tensile force is applied to a material it’s expected to be elongated

20
Q

Young’s Modulus

A

measure of stiffness of an elastic material –> ratio of stress along an axis to the strain

21
Q

photo-chromocity

A

material that can be described as having a reversible change of colour when exposed to light

22
Q

thermoelectricity

A

generated by a device that converts heat and the temp difference between materials into electricity

23
Q

magneto-rheostatic

A

fluids which can experience a dramatic change in consistency when exposed to a magnetic or electric field
- e.g. thick fluid to solid really quickly

24
Q

piezo electricity

A

squeeze or pressure giving off a small electrical discharge

25
Q

shape memory

A

metals that have a rearrangement of the molecules in the material due to changes in temp

26
Q

composite materials

A

materials made from two or more materials with different physical or chemical properties –> when combined produce a material w different characteristics from original
- this is done to make materials stronger, lighter, or less expensive

27
Q

advantages of composite materials

A
  • high strength to weight ratio
  • high tensile strength
  • when weaving it can produce a prettier look
  • (weaving) different materials can be chosen to make it more strong or stiff
28
Q

disadvantage of composites

A
  • very expensive
  • requires specific manufacturing facilities
  • weak when compressed or squashed
  • air bubbles will cause weak spots and reduce overall impact
  • difficult or can’t be recycled
29
Q

plywood

A
  • manufactured from an uneven number of plys
  • needed where high quality, high strength, and large sheet material is required
  • resistant to cracking, breaking, shrinkage, and twisting
  • can be used as an engineering material for architecture or marine environments
30
Q

laminated glass

A
  • consists of a sandwich of glass-polymer(PVB)-glass stuck with heat and pressure in autoclave
  • when broken the PVB layer holds the pieces of glass together (safer)
  • used for car windshield
  • the fracture produces spider-web pattern crack
31
Q

laminar composites

A
  • laminates of different materials joined together in sandwich structure
  • a layer of thin bidirectional fibers/metal sheets held apart by a lightweight core
32
Q

weaving

A

forms fabric by interlacing long threads passing in one direction with others at a right angle to them (bidirectional)

33
Q

pultrusion

A

continuous moulding process making sure fibers are saturated with a liquid polymer resin and carefully formed and pulled through a heated die to form a part

34
Q

lamination

A

assembling individual sheets of materials into a multilayered material or component with heat and pressure

35
Q

spray-up

A

carried out on open mould where both the resin and reinforcements are sprayed directly onto mould

36
Q

how is concrete made

A
  • sand, concrete, aggregate, and water to form a fluid mass that is easily moulded –> becomes hard and solid after drying
  • aim is to increase strength
37
Q

how is engineered wood made

A
  • binding or fixing strands, particles of fibers, veneers of boards of wood together with adhesive
  • used for medium-density fireboard, plywood, chipboard
38
Q

how is plywood made

A
  • sheet material that is manufactured from thin layers or “plies” of wood veneers that are glued together with adjacent layers
  • used for wall panelling, flooring, and furniture
39
Q

how is particleboard made

A
  • (chipboard) is an engineered wood product made from wood chips, sawmill shavings or sawdust, and synthetic resin
40
Q

what is kevlar

A
  • woven into a cloth which combined with polyester resin can be moulded into different shapes
  • can also be woven into fabric cloth to protect wearer
  • has high strength-to-weight ratio –> 5 times stronger than steel
  • used for body protection (bulletproof vest), helmets, sports equipment (skis), racquets, sails for windsurfing
41
Q

how is carbon-reinforced plastic (GRP) made

A
  • made from plastic and fibreglass
  • can easily be moulded into 3D shapes, versatile, good strength-to-weight ratio
  • used for boat hulls, canoes, car body panels, chemical storage tanks, and train canopies
42
Q

how is laminated veneer lumber (LVL) made

A
  • uses multiple layers of thin wood assembled with adhesives
  • used for headers, beams, rim boards, edge-forming material
43
Q

SP: one-off

A
  • used when only one for a few specialist items is required –> produces a single product
  • advantages: unique and high-quality products are made, workers are motivated and take pride in their work
  • disadvantages: labour intensive so prices are high, production can take a long time and expensive from using specialist tools
44
Q

SP: batch production

A
  • a set number of items to be produced
  • advantages: unit costs are lower since large numbers are made, offers curtomers variety and choice, materials can be bought in bulk so cheaper
  • disadvantages: workers less motivated since work is repetitive, goods have to be stored until they’re sold which can be expensive
45
Q

SP: mass and continuous flow

A
  • Mass: production of large amounts of standardized products on production lines –> high rates of production per worker
  • Continuous Flow: PM used to manufacture/produce/process materials without interruption
  • advantages: labour costs low, materials can be purchased in large quantities so cheaper, large number of goods are produced
  • disadvantages: machinery expensive to buy and set up, workers not motivated, not flexible bc production line is difficult to adapt, production process has to be stopped when repairs are made
46
Q

SP: mass customization

A
  • a CIM system that manufactures products to individual customer orders
  • mass customization uses techniques from mass production; its output is based on core components

Design Topics 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 (6 decks)

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