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Biology > Topic 4 > Flashcards

Topic 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are characteristics of an eukarya?

A

Nucleus

unused sections of DNA

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of a bacteria?

A

NO NUCLEUS

NO unused sections of DNA

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of an archaea

A

NO NUCLEUS

unused sections of DNA

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4
Q

What are the three domain classifications?

A

1.Archaea
2.Bacteria
3.Eukarya

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5
Q

Give three traits that could have been altered by genetic engineering in crops.

A

Increased yield
Increased quality
Resistance to disease

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6
Q

Describe the process of micropropagation to clone plants.

A

Cut a small piece of plant tissue, an explant, from the tips of stems, and sterilise them to remove microorganisms.

Place the explants in a petri dish that contains agar jelly with growth hormones and nutrients like glucose and mineral ions.

Once they grow a bit into calluses, transfer them to soil so they can grow into plantlets. Finally transfer them to their own pot.

Ensure that the whole process is done at a reasonable temperature and that the plants get enough light and water.

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7
Q

What is Bt toxin?

A

A soil bacterium which was discovered to make a natural insecticide protein which is Bt toxin

The Bt toxin was introduced into plants so that all cells produced the toxin

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8
Q

Risks of genetic engineering?

A

Seeds for genetically modified plants are very expensive

People think their may be unknown consequences in wild plants as they pass on their resistant genes

Eating genetically modified plants may be bad for our health

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9
Q

What are some risks of selective breeding?

A

Some alleles that might be useful in the future are no longer available

If conditions change then all organisms are affected

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10
Q

What is tissue culture used for?

A

Medicine

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11
Q

What is tissue culture?

A

Growing cells or tissues in a liquid containing nutrients or on a solid medium (agar)

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12
Q

What is tissue culture used for?

A

Used to produce new plants of very rare species which are at risks of extinction

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13
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

Changing the DNA of one organism (genome) often by inserting genes from another

It creates genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

This process is much faster than artificial selection but more expensive

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14
Q

What are the reasons plants and animals are often selectively bred for?

A

Disease resistance
Yield
Copping with certain environments
Fast growth
Flavour

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15
Q

What is selective breeding?

A

Breeding organisms with the selective variations that you want

e.g. breeding only hairy wooled sheep

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16
Q

What is artificial selection?

A

When humans choose certain organisms because they have useful characteristics

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17
Q

What are the 5 classification kingdoms?

A

1.Animals
2.Plants
3.Fungi
4.Protists
5.Prokaryotes

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18
Q

What does prokaryote mean?

A

NO nucleus

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19
Q

What are the classification kingdoms based on?

A

What the cell of the organism looks like

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20
Q

What is the pentadactyl limb?

A

It suggests evolution from a common ancestor and that not all bones were designed for specific purposes independently of one another

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21
Q

How was Darwins theory of antibiotic resistance shown in rats?

A

A substance called warfarin was used to poison rats

When it was first used most rats died

But within 10 years most rats became RESISTANT to it

Due to genetic variation there had always been some rats resistant to it and as the poison killed the non resistant rats the only ones left to breed were resistan

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22
Q

What is evolution?

A

If the environment conditions remain changed, natural selection will occur over and over again, and a new species evolves with all the individuals having the better adapted variations

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23
Q

What is inheritance?

A

The survivors breed and pass on their variations to their offsprings, this means the next generation contains more individuals with the better adapted variations

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24
Q

What is natural selection?

A

Variations of some individuals make them better at coping with the change than others and are more likely to survive, ‘survival of the fittest’

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25
Q

What is environmental change?

A

Conditions in an area change

e.g. lack of food causes more competition

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26
Q

What is genetic variation?

A

The characteristics of a person varying due to different genes

27
Q

How do stone tools help give scientists evidence for human activity?

A

Oldest stone tools are very simple, and tools found in more recent rock are more sophisticated

28
Q

How can genetic engineering be used to produce plants resistant to a herbicide

A
  • Isolate gene which contains the resistance from a bacteria
  • With the use of an enzyme
  • Insert the gene into the plant
29
Q

Why is the amount of weeds resistant to a herbicide increasing

A
  • An increase use of herbicide resistant plants so cross breeding is happening
  • An increased use of herbicide
30
Q

What features does a bacteria cell have that an animal cell does not

A
  • Cell Wall
  • Slime coat
  • Phili
  • Small ribosome
31
Q

What is a genetically modified bacteria which has benefitted people

A

Insulin
used for diabetics

32
Q

What substance turns tomatoes purple

A

Flavonoids

33
Q

A gene codes for a toxin, what is an advantage of introducing this into crop plants

A

The crop produces the toxin which kills insects, this means less damage to the plants by insects which increases crop yield

34
Q

A gene codes for a toxin, what is a disadvantage of introducing this into crop plants

A

Genetically modified crops cost the more money so farmers can not afford to become reliant on them

35
Q

What are the risks of cloning mammals

A
  • There is no genetic variation
  • They are all susceptible to the same diseases
  • Many cloned animals fail to develop
36
Q

How do you produce a cloned mammal

A
  1. Use of a body cell –> you obtain the nucleus from
  2. Use of an egg cell –> Remove the nucleus
  3. Nucleus from the body cell transferred into empty egg cell
  4. Electric shock stimulates cell division by mitosis
  5. Formation of an embryo which is implanted into a surrogate
37
Q

What is an advantage of using maize plants to produce biofuel

A
  • It is renewable
  • It absorbs CO2 as it is growing
  • Encourages less use of fossil fuels
38
Q

What is a disadvantage of using maize plants to produce biofuel

A
  • Reduces food production
  • Uses up a lot of land
  • Crop growth is dependent of the weather
39
Q

What are the risks with cloning animals

A
  • They are all susceptible to the same disease
  • many cloned animals fail to develop
  • provides less genetic variation
40
Q

Simply how do you clone an animal

A
  1. Remove the nucleus from a body cell
  2. Empty the egg cell
  3. Place the nucleus in the egg cell
  4. Electric shock to start cell division by mitosis
  5. Formation of an embryo place inside a surrogate
41
Q

How do pesticides benefit maize products

A

Pesticide reduces number of pests, this reduces damage to the crops increasing crop yield

42
Q

Advantages of biofuel

A
  • Renewable
  • Absorbs CO2 as it is growing
  • Encourages less use of fossil fuel
43
Q

Disadvantages of biofuel

A
  • Takes up land so therefore reduces food production
  • Crop growth is dependent on weather so it is unpredictable
44
Q

What is a vector to produce transgenic plants

A

Agrobacterium tumefaciens

45
Q

What is a callus

A

a growth of cells which are undifferentiated

46
Q

Why do we need to use aseptic techniques with an agar plate

A

To kill all the microorganisms so that the nutrient agar feeds plant growth not microbial growth

47
Q

Suggest how stone tools may have helped early humans to survive

A
  • Used for defence and hunting
  • Used for preparing food for cooking
48
Q

Why is mitochondrial DNA used rather than nuclear DNA as evidence for human evolution

A
  • There is a higher abundance
  • It is more stable / less susceptible to decay
49
Q

How can fossil evidence be used to show that humans have evolved

A
  • Show the changes in body structure
  • Shows the changes in stone tools
50
Q

Explain why a fossil record is incomplete

A
  • We have not found all the fossils yet
  • Fossils may be damaged
51
Q

Explain how changes in the shape and size of finches beaks enabled all the types of finches to survive

A
  • Different beak shape and sizes enable them to feed on different food types
  • This makes less competition between species
52
Q

How do species of ‘finches’ evolve

A
  • By natural selection
  • Survival of the fittest, best adapted stay alive
  • Those who survive pass their genes onto their offspring
  • Variation of beak sizes and shapes, caused by mutations
53
Q

How do scientists validate a discovery

A
  • Get other scientists to review or redo their experiment
  • Compare notes and meet with other scientists
54
Q

What does speciation

A

The formation of a new species due to geographical isolation

55
Q

What evidence could a scientist use to show a species inhabited the earth earlier than another species

A
  • Differences in the structural features of the fossil
  • Fossil will be deeper into the rock
56
Q

Why may a species go extinct

A

Out competed for resources essential for survival

57
Q

How can drought resistance crop plants be produced

A
  • Genetic variation means some plants will be tolerant to drought conditions and these can be selected
  • Cross pollinate these plants and grow the seeds under drought conditions
  • Select offspring and repeat over several generations
58
Q

Why are fossils of dinosaurs always incomplete

A
  • The fossils may not be found
  • Soft body tissue may have decayed
  • Bones may have been eaten
59
Q

How can geographic isolation lead to a new species evoling

A
  • Speciation
  • different geographical area may have different environmental conditions
  • Individuals of a species adapted will survive and bred
  • Adaptations will be passed down to off spring
60
Q

How do you clone plants using cuttings

A
  • a cutting is taken
  • the end is placed in rooting powder
  • rooting powder contains plant hormones and encourages the plant to develop roots
61
Q

Why would you use tissue culture over cuttings to clone a plant

A

Tissue culture is better at making lots of clones

62
Q

How is tissue culture carried out to clone plants

A
  • A plant is cut up into many very little pieces
  • They are incubated with plant hormones
  • the plant hormones stimulate the plants to grow into clones
63
Q

Why is antibiotic resistance becoming more common

A
  • Doctors are giving them out when not necessary
  • People are not finishing their full course
  • Farm animals are being pumped with antibiotics to make them grow faster

Biology (11 decks)

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