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Biology > Topic 1 > Flashcards

Topic 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the purpose of the adjustment knobs?

A

Moves the stage up and down so it brings the sample into focus

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2
Q

Name the subcellular structure involved in the translation of genetic material in protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

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3
Q

What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

PROkaryotic cells have NO nucleus

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4
Q

What is the function of the chloroplasts in a leaf cell

A

They contain chlorophyll which absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis which produces glucose

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5
Q

What are the key words for OSMOSIS?

A

Water
solute
concentration gradient
High –> low water concentration
Semi-permeable membrane

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6
Q

How do white blood cells help fight diseases?

A

Create antibodies
Remember pathogens

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7
Q

What are the benefits of electron microscopes?

A

Have a higher resolution –> which means a higher magnification can be used –> and so more detail can be seen

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8
Q

What does the acrosome do?

A

Filled with enzymes which digest the membrane around the egg

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9
Q

How do you convert nm to um?

A

divide by 1000

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10
Q

How do you convert mm to um?

A

x1000

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11
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of molecules across a membrane via transporter proteins from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration. This process uses ENERGY

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12
Q

What is osmosis?

A

the random movement of water / solute molecules from an area of high water concentration to low water concentration across a semi-permeable membrane.

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13
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The random movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration.

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14
Q

Relationship between water and solute concentration?

A

A high water concentration means a low solute concentration

A low water concentration means a high solute concentration

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15
Q

What is a solute?

A

Anything dissolved in a solvent e.g sugar dissolved in water

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16
Q

How do you use a calorimetry to measure the energy in food?

A

1) Take inital temp of the water

2) Set fire to food

3) Water above is heated

4) Stir water to distribute heat

5) After the food is all burned, record temp again

6) Work out the temperature difference

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17
Q

How is energy in food measured?

A

By a calorimetry

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18
Q

What is the definition of an enzyme?

A

A biological catalyst

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19
Q

How does substrate concentration affect enzyme activity?

A

The MORE substrate there is the more product is formed as there is more substrate to fit into the active sites

HOWEVER, eventually the concentration of active sites will have to increase to accomodate for the amount of substrate

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20
Q

How does pH affect enzyme activity?

A

If the pH of an enzyme controlled reaction is too low or high then the active site becomes denatured, e.g. the substrate can no longer bind

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21
Q

How does temperature affect enzyme activity?

A

INCREASE –> enzymes and substrate have more kinetic energy. This means more collisions will happen, therefore more enzyme-substrate-complexes and products are formed

BEYOND OPTIMUM –> active site denatures and changes shape, substrate can no longer bind so little or no products are formed

DECREASED –> enzymes and substrates have less kinetic energy, this means there will be fewer collisions therefore less enzymes-substrate-complexes and products are formed

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22
Q

What does denatured mean?

A

When the active site changes site so the substrate can no longer bind, this makes the reactions happen slower or not at all

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23
Q

What is the active site?

A

Where the substrate fits in

Specific to the substrate

24
Q

What are the benefits of an electron microscope?

A

Allows us to see cell structures with more clarity than before

Increased our understandings of subcellular structures

25
Q

How do you perform the benedicts test?

A

MIX food solution with benedicts solution

PLACE in a hot water bath for a few minutes

26
Q

How do you perform the ethanol emulsion test?

A

MIX food with ethanol and SHAKE

POUR into water and SHAKE

27
Q

How do you perform the biuret test?

A

ADD potassium hydroxide to the solution

THEN two drops of copper sulfate

28
Q

What colour does the food test for reducing sugars go, benedicts test?

A

Blue–> Green(small amounts)

Blue –> Brick red(large amounts)

29
Q

What reaction does the food test for fats have, ethanol emulsion?

A

Cloudy emulsion

30
Q

What colour does the food test for starch go, iodine test?

A

Orange/ brown –> Blue-black

31
Q

What colour does the food test for protein go, biruet test?

A

Blue –> Purple

32
Q

What is the food test for starch?

A

Iodine test

33
Q

What is the food test for fats?

A

Ethanol emulsion test

34
Q

What is the food test for protein?

A

The biruet test

35
Q

What is the food test for reducing sugars?

A

Benedicts test

36
Q

What is the order of units for measurments?

A

Milimeters
Micrometers
Nanometers
Picometers

37
Q

What is the role of a haploid nucleus?

A

So when the sperm and egg are fertilised the diploid chromosome numbers can be restored

38
Q

What is the role of the acrosome?

A

Contains enzymes to digest through the egg membrane

39
Q

What is the role of the flagellum?

A

Used for moving the cell about

40
Q

What is the role of plasmids?

A

Circles of DNA, carrying extra genetic information

41
Q

What is the role of chromosomal DNA?

A

Contains genetic information

42
Q

What are the subcellular structure in bacteria cells?

A

Chromosomal DNA
Cell membrane
Plasmids
Ribosomes
Flagellum

43
Q

What is the function of the chloroplasts?

A

Site of photosynthesis

44
Q

What are the subcellular structures of a plant cell?

A

Nucleus
Cell membrane
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Vacuole
Chloroplasts

44
Q

What is the function of the vacuole?

A

Stores cell sap

44
Q

What is the role of the mitochondria?

A

Where aerobic respiration takes place, releases energy

44
Q

What is the role of the ribosomes?

A

Where proteins are made

44
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

Controls what goes in and out of the cell

45
Q

What is the role of the nucleus?

A

Contains genetic information within it, controls the cell

46
Q

What are the subcellular structures in an animal cell?

A

Nucleus
Cell membrane
Mitochondria
Ribosome

47
Q

What does the cell wall do

A

Provides protection and structure

48
Q

If someone has a low number of red blood cells what effect may this have

A

Tiredness, lack of energy

49
Q

Describe the function of white blood cells

A

To produce antibodies
Involved in the immune system

50
Q

Why must the potato chip be dried after the experiment

A

To get an accurate mass reading

51
Q

What factors affect enzyme-catalysed reactions

A
  1. temperature
  2. pH
  3. substrate concentration

Biology (11 decks)

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