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A Level Biology : Content > Topic 3A : Cells > Flashcards

Topic 3A : Cells Flashcards

1
Q

differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

eukaryotes are larger and more complex

binary fusion for prokaryotes and meiosis/mitosis for eukaryotes

prokaryotes have no membrane bound organelles

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2
Q

what organelles do animal cells have

A

mitochondria

ribosomes

endoplasmic reticulum and rough endoplasmic reticulum

golgi

lysosomes

nucleus

cell membrane

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3
Q

fungal cells

A

similar to plant cells but no chloroplast and cell walls made of chitin

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4
Q

nuclear envelope

A

double-membrane that has porrs

inner and outer membrane are made of phospholipid bilayer

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5
Q

function of nuclear envelope

A

pores control the movement of ions, molecules and RNA between the nucleoplasm and cytiplasm

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6
Q

nucleus

A

stores the genetic material

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7
Q

nucleoplasm

A

semi-solid fluid inside the nucleus where chromatin and nucleolus is found

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8
Q

function of nucleus

A

controls the cells activities by controlling the transcription of DNA

pores allow substances to move between the nucleus and cytoplasm

nucleolus makes ribosomes

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9
Q

lysosome

A

round organelle surrounded by s membrane with no clear internal structure

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10
Q

function of lysosome

A

contains digestive enzymes which are used to digest invading cells or to break down worn out components of the cell

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11
Q

function of lysosome

A

contains digestive enzymes that can be used to digest invading cells or to break down worn out components of the cell

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12
Q

ribosome

A

small organelles that either floats free in the cytoplasm or is attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum

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13
Q

function of ribosomes

A

site where proteins are made

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14
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

system of membranes enclosing a fluid-filled space and its surface is covered with ribosomes

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15
Q

function of rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

folds and processes proteins that have been made at the ribosomes

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16
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

similar to rough endoplasmic reticulum but with no ribosomes

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17
Q

function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

synthesis and processes lipifs

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18
Q

golgi apparatus

A

group of fluid-filled membrane bound flattened sacs with vesicles often seen at the edges of the sacs

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19
Q

function golgi apparatus

A

processes and packages new lipids and proteins

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20
Q

mitochondria

A

oval shaped with double membrane

inner membrane folded to form cristae inside the matrix which contains enzymes involved in respiration

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21
Q

function of mitochondria

A

site of aerobic respiration where ATP is produced

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22
Q

centriole

A

small hollow cylinders made of microtubules and ate found in animals cells but only some plant cells

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23
Q

function of centrioles

A

involved with the separation of chromosomes during cell division

24
Q

what type of proteins do ribosomes make

A

ribosomes on the rER make proteins that are excreted or attached to the cell membrane.

free ribosomes in the cytoplasm make proteins that stay in the cytoplasm.

25
Q

explain how organelles ate involved in the protein production and transport

A

ribosomes on the rER make proteins that are excreted or attached to the cell membrane.

free ribosomes in the cytoplasm make proteins that stay in the cytoplasm.

new proteins produced at the rough ER are folded and processed in the rough ER snd are then transported from the ER to the golgi apparatus in vesicles

at golgi apparatus, proteins may undergo further processing

proteins enter more vesicles to be transported around the cell

26
Q

what is the product of mitosis

A

two genetically identical daughter cells

27
Q

what is mitosis needed for

A

growth of multigellular organisms

repair of damaged tissues

asexual reproduction

28
Q

define interphase

A

period of cell growth and DNA replication

29
Q

what are the different stages of interphase

A

G1

S

G2

30
Q

what happens during gap phase one

A

cell grows and new organelles and proteins are made

31
Q

what happens during synthesis

A

cell replicates its DNA and is ready to divide by mitosis

32
Q

what happens during gap phase two

A

cell keeps growing and proteins needed for cell division are made

33
Q

explain briefly what happens during interphase

A

DNA is unravelled and replicated to double its genetic content

organelles are also replicated so thete are spare ones

ATP content increased

34
Q

explain what happens during prophase

A

the chromosomes condense, getting shorter and fatter

centrioles start moving to opposite ends of the cell forming a network of protein fibres across it called spindle

nuclear envelope breaks down and chromosomes lie free in the cytoplasm

35
Q

explain what happens during metaphase

A

chromosomes (each with two chromatids) line up along the middle of the cell and become attached to the spindle by their centromere

36
Q

explain what happens during anaphase

A

centromeres divide separating each pair of sister chromatids

spindles contract pulling chromatids to opposite poles of the spindle, centromere first

this makes the chromatids appear v-shaped

37
Q

explain what happens during telophase

A

chromatids reach opposite poles on the spindle, uncoil and become long and thin again

nuclear envelope forms around each group of chromosomes so there are now two nuclei

38
Q

explain what happens during cytokinesis

A

cytoplasm divides and produces two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the original cell and to each other

39
Q

squamous epithelium

A

single layer of cells lining a surface found in many places such as alveoli in the lungs

40
Q

ciliated epithelium

A

layer of cells covered in cilia and is mostly found on surfaces where things need to be moved

41
Q

lower epidermis

A

contains stomata to let air in and out for gas exchange

42
Q

spongy mesophyll

A

full of spaces to let gases circulate

43
Q

palisade mesophyll

A

most photosynthesis occur here

44
Q

upper epidermis

A

covered in waxy cuticle to reduce water loss

45
Q

what are the two different types of microscopes

A

light and electron

46
Q

state the features of a light microscope

A

uses light to form an image

maximum resolution of 0.2 micrometeres

view organelles such as ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, mitochondria sometimes and lysosomes

maximum useful magnification is 1500

47
Q

state the features of an electron microscope

A

uses electrons to form an image

higher resolution so more detailed image

maximum resolution is 0.0002micrometers

maximum magnification is 1500000

48
Q

what are the two types of electron microscopes

A

transmission and scanning

49
Q

state the features of a transmission electron microscope

A

uses electromagnets to focus a beam of electrons which is then transmitted through the specimen

denser parts of specimen absorb more electrons making them look darker

high resolution images so internal structure of organelles can be seen

only used on thin specimens

50
Q

state the features of a scanning electron microscope

A

scan a beam of electrons across specimen which knocks off electrons from specimen which are gathered in a cathode ray tube to form an image

shows surface of specimen and can be 3D

can be used on thick specimen

lower resolution image

51
Q

mesosomes

A

inward folds in plasma membrane

52
Q

cell wall of prokaryotes

A

supprtd the cell and prevents it changing shape

made up of murein

53
Q

capsule

A

made of slime to protect bacteria from attack by cells of the immune system

54
Q

pili

A

hair like structured that enables prokaryotes to stick to other cells to transfer genetic materisl

55
Q

explain how cystic fibrosis affects the digestive system

A

A Level Biology : Content (18 decks)

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