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A Level Biology : Content > Topic 1C : Diet & Health > Flashcards

Topic 1C : Diet & Health Flashcards

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1
Q

What are carbohydrates composed of

A

long chains of monosaccharides

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2
Q

What are the two types of glucose

A

alpha and beta

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3
Q

How are disaccharides formed

A

two monosaccharides are joined together by glycosidic bond (H atoms on one bonds to OH atom on another) during condensation reaction in which water molecule is released

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4
Q

What happens during hydrolysis reaction

A

a molecule of water reacts with glycosidic bond which breaks it apart

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5
Q

Are disaccharides soluble

A

yes and they store more energy than monosaccharides

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6
Q

How is maltose formed

A

two glucose molecules joined together by 1-4 glycosidic bond during condensation reaction

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7
Q

How is lactose formed

A

beta glucose and galactose joined together by 1-4 glycosidic bond during condensation reaction

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8
Q

How is sucrose formed

A

glucose and fructose joined together by 1-2 glycosidic bond during condensation reaction

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9
Q

How are disaccharides formed

A

more than two monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic bonds during condensation reaction and water molecule is released

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10
Q

How is amylopectin formed

A

glucose molecules joined together by 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds which lots of side branches

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11
Q

How is glycogen formed

A

glucose molecules with 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds with even more side branches than amylopectin

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12
Q

What is starch

A

the main energy storage material in plants

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13
Q

What is starch a mixture of

A

amylose : a long unbranched chain with 1-4 glycosidic bonds

amylopectin : a long branched chain with 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds

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14
Q

How does the structure of starch contributes to its function

A

The angles of the glycosidic bonds give it a coiled structure which makes it compact meaning that its really good for storage as you can fit more into small space (comes from amylose)

Side branches allow the enzymes that break down the molecule to reach the glycosidic bonds easily so glucose can be released quickly by hydrolysis (comes from amylopectin)

Insoluble in water so it doesn’t cause cells to swell by osmosis

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15
Q

What is glycogen

A

the main energy storage material in animals

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16
Q

How does the structure of glycogen contributes to its function

A

Glycogen has similar structure to amylopectin but has more side branches which means that stored glucose can be hydrolysed and energy is released quicker

Its very compact so good for storage

Insoluble in water so it doesn’t cause cells to swell by osmosis

17
Q

What is a triglyceride composed of

A

three hydrophobic fatty acids made of hydrocarbons and a glycerol molecule

18
Q

Explain how a triglyceride is formed

A

three fatty acids and a glycerol molecule join together forming an ester bond and releasing a water molecule

19
Q

Where are saturated lipids found

A

Animal fats

20
Q

Where are unsaturated lipids found

A

Plants

21
Q

Which lipids have double bonds

A

unsaturated

22
Q

Why do unsaturated lipids melt at lower temperatures than saturated lipids

A

The double bonds in unsaturated lipids causes a reduction in the strength of the intermolecular forces as they create a kink in the hydrocarbon chain so molecules cannot pack together as closely

23
Q

What are different types of lipoproteins

A

high density and low density lipoproteins

24
Q

What are lipoproteins composed of

A

cholesterol attached to protein

25
Q

What is the main component of high density lipoproteins

A

protein

26
Q

What is the main component of low density lipoproteins

A

lipid

27
Q

What is the function of high density lipoproteins

A

They transport cholesterol from body tissues to the liver where its recycled or excreted which reduces total blood cholesterol when too high

28
Q

What is the function of low density lipoproteins

A

They transport cholesterol from the liver to the blood where it circulates until need by cells which increases total blood cholesterol when too low

A Level Biology : Content (18 decks)

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