Topic 33 Mammals

Question 1

Mammals

Answer 1

4-legged terrestrial animals, amniotes that have hair and produce milk

Question 2

shared derived traits of mammals

Answer 2

mammary glands (feed milk to offspring), hair (cylindrical keratin fibers), three middle ear bones (higher detection of sounds), endothermy supports a high metabolic rate (4-chambered heart and hair), dentary squamosal jaw joint, larger brain, kidneys

Question 3

the function of differentiated teeth

Answer 3

more complex and differentiated, greater diversity of teeth morphology, greater diversity of teeth, teeth occlude more closely and allow food to be ground up more finely, two sets of teeth in lifespan

Question 4

the function of kindey

Answer 4

efficiently conserve water while filtering waste metabolites from blood

Question 5

Other characteristics of mammals

Answer 5

the vertical placement of limbs beneath the body, diaphragm contributes to lunch ventilation, copulate intromittent organ for internal fertilization

Question 6

mammals evolved from

Answer 6

synapsids

Question 7

The evolution of mammals showed a progressive enlargement of the _________ in the jaw of therapsids

Answer 7

dentary bone

Question 8

secondary palate

Answer 8

bone partition between nasal and oral cavities and permits simultaneous chewing and breathing

Question 9

By the early Cretaceous, the three
extant lineages of mammals that had
descended from the synapsid
clade

Answer 9

Monotremes, Marsupials, and Eutherians

Question 10

Following __________, mammals
diversified into large- and small-bodied herbivores, carnivores, and
insectivores (adaptive radiation)

Answer 10

Cretaceous mass extinction (65 mya)

Question 11

three clades of mammals

Answer 11

monotremata, mersupiala, and eutheria

Question 12

Monotremes

Answer 12

a small group of egg-laying mammals consisting of echidnas and the platypus, lay eggs and provide milk to young (no nipples), have cloacas, lack teeth

Question 13

cloacas

Answer 13

Single opening for digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems

Question 14

Shared, derived traits of Marsupials + Eutherians clade

Answer 14

Viviparous development of the embryo inside the body, Placenta provides initial nourishment to embryo, Post-birth nursing on milk from nipples

Question 15

Marsupials

Answer 15

opossums, kangaroos, and koalas. − Marsupials born as partially developed embryos. sexes of marsupials possess a cloaca

Question 16

Why are most marsupials restricted to Australia

Answer 16

In the absence of eutherian mammals, Australian marsupials evolved to fill specific ecological niches

Question 17

Eutherians

Answer 17

non-marsupial mammals, have a more complex placenta that nourishes placenta until well developed, Post-birth the young suckle milk from nipples, no cloaca

Question 18

_____ underwent extensive adaptive radiation

Answer 18

Eutherians

Question 19

Clade Afrotheria

Answer 19

underwent diversification in Africa when it was separate from the other continents

Question 20

Clade Xenarthra

Answer 20

eutherians are typically South American forms and lack teeth

Question 21

Clade Euarchontoglires

Answer 21

includes rodents, primates, and related groups

Question 22

Clade Laurasiatheria

Answer 22

typically Eurasian and North American forms including Terrestrial hooved animals, marine animals, and bats

Question 23

Colugos

Answer 23

(order Dermoptera) are closely related to primates

Question 24

primates

Answer 24

• include lemurs, tarsiers, humans, monkeys, and apes
• arose from ancestors that lived in the trees of tropical forests
• most arboreal (live in trees)
• all species possess adaptations for climbing trees

Question 25

SHared derived traits of primates

Answer 25

Hands and feet adapted for grasping (thumb widely separated for grasping and flat nails), large brain and short jaw, forward-looking eyes (depth perception), complex social behavior and parental care

Question 26

Three main groups of extant primates

Answer 26

• Lemurs, lorises, and bush babies.
• Tarsiers.
• Anthropoids

Question 27

hominoids

Answer 27

non-monkey anthropoids, lack tails, relatively large brains, include lesser apes and great apes

Question 28

hominoids versus hominids

Answer 28

apes versus great apes

Question 29

Hominids

Answer 29

great apes, Seven species of non-human great apes, critically endangered due to habitat loss and illegal hunting