Topic 32 Reptiles

Question 1

two groups of reptiles

Answer 1

diapsids (turtles, crocs, and birds) and synapsids (mammals)

Question 2

Non-avian reptiles’ characteristics

Answer 2

• Skin is protected by thick, dry keratinous scales that create a waterproof barrier (desiccation resistant)
• Leathery eggshell
• reptiles are oviparous; they bury their shelled eggs on land
• Most reptiles are ectothermic

Question 3

Two main lineages of diapsids

Answer 3

lepidosaurs (tuataras, lizards,
snakes, and extinct mosasaurs) and archosaur (crocodilians, pterosaurs, and
dinosaurs)

Question 4

Turtles

Answer 4

• Box-like bony or cartilaginous shell made of dorsal and ventral shields that are fused to the vertebrae, clavicles, and ribs.
• Teeth lost: toothless beaks.
  − Males have a single intromittent organ.

Question 5

Lepidosaurs

Answer 5

• reptiles with teeth fused to the jaw
• a body covering of overlapping scales
• Male lepidosaurs have a hemipenis

Question 6

Two clades of lepidosaurs

Answer 6

Tuataras and Squamates (lizards and snakes)

Question 7

Tuataras

Answer 7

• Tuataras look like lizards but lack the modified jaw structure and male genitalia present in squadmates
• Internal fertilization via copulation, but lack an intromittent organ

Question 8

the major extant lineage of lepidosaurs consists of

Answer 8

squamates, lizards and snakes.

Question 9

Squamates are characterized by:

Answer 9

Loosely jointed jaws and skull.

Hemipenis in males.

Question 10

Archosaurs

Answer 10

reptiles with socketed teeth

Question 11

two extant lineages of Archosaurs

Answer 11

crocodilians and birds

Question 12

Crocodilians

Answer 12

(alligators and crocodiles), Males have a single intromittent organ, exhibit maternal care

Question 13

aquatic diapsids

Answer 13

Ichthyosaurs and Plesiosaurs

Question 14

Birds are

Answer 14

archosaurs

Question 15

Birds evolved from

Answer 15

theropods

Question 16

Similarities between theropods and birds

Answer 16

Hollow, thin-walled bones
Egg laying and brooding
Feathers are homologous with theropod scales

Question 17

SHared&derived traits of birds

Answer 17

Wings with keratin feathers (Wings are evolved tetrapod forelimbs), Horny beaks that lack teeth, Birds have digestive systems adapted for flight (crop and gizzard), reduced organs, endothermy, high metabolic rate supported by 4-chambered heart and complex respiratory system

Question 18

Plumage

Answer 18

arrangement of feathers

Question 19

Cloaca

Answer 19

a common opening for the

digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts

Question 20

oviparous

Answer 20

lay shelled eggs on land