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BIO-215 > Topic 3 Study guide > Flashcards

Topic 3 Study guide Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Taxonomy

A

The science that studies organisms to arrange them into groups or taxa

There are three separate but interrelated areas:
Identification
Classification
Nomenclature

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2
Q

Identification

A

Process of characterizing microbes in order to group them

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3
Q

Classification

A

Arranging organisms into similar or related groups

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4
Q

Nomenclature

A

System of assigning names

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5
Q

Order of taxonomic groups from the most general to the most specific

A 
Domain/kingdom 
Phylum 
Class 
Order
Family 
Genus
Species
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6
Q

Domain

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

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7
Q

Genus

A

A taxonomic group covering more than one species under a larger umbrella

Example: escherichia

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8
Q

Species

A

A basic unit, a group of morphologically similar organisms capable of producing fertile offspring. However, this definition is problematic for prokaryotes so in microbiology a species is a group of closely related isolates or strains

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9
Q

Strain

A

A genetic variant or subtype of a microorganism

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10
Q

Phylogeny

A

Evolutionary relatedness

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11
Q

Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology

A

Describes all known species
Classifies according to genetic relatedness. Old version used to be grouped according to phenotype so there are some major differences

Names given according to the international code of nomenclature of bacteria

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12
Q

Algae

A

Simple autotrophs

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13
Q

Fungi

A

Heterotrophic organisms

Chitin in cell wall

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14
Q

Protozoa

A

Microscopic heterotrophs that are not fungi

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15
Q

Protists

A

General terms used for eukaryotes that are not fungi, plants, animals

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16
Q

Describe the characteristics and roles of algae

A

Simple photosynthetic eukaryotes
A diverse group of protists
Cell wall of cellulose
Sexual and asexual reproduction

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17
Q

Why are algae important to human existence

A

Major producers of oxygen and they consume carbon dioxide.

While they do not directly cause human diseases they can indirectly via toxins. Algal blooms occur from upwelling of nutrients and warm temps. Gonyaulax produce neurotoxins that shellfish eat. When we eat the shellfish we can suffer paralytic shellfish poisoning

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18
Q

Describe the structure of macroscopic algae

A

Stalk (stipe) usually has leaflike structures attached, blades are the main site of photosynthesis

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19
Q

List the characteristics of protozoans

A

Means “animal-like”
Unicellular heterotrophs that are not fungi l, slime molds, or water molds
Do not have cell wall
Can only survive in rich aqueous solutions
Have flagella

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20
Q

Ampicomplexans

A

Parasites with apical complex at one end, help penetrate the host cells

Includes plasmodium which is the causative agent of malaria, one of the most significant diseases in the world . Affects lymph nodes and blood cells

Includes toxoplasma gondii, cryptosporidium parvum, and cyclospora cayetanensis

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21
Q

Diplomonads and parabasalids

A

Flagellated protists lacking mitochondria. They reproduce asexually
And have hydrogensomes that produce some ATP while generating hydrogen
Example: trichomonas vaginalis

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22
Q

Kinetoplastids

A

Have at least one flagellum
Distinctive complex mass of DNA in their large single mitochondria

Example: trypanosoma Brucei which is African sleeping sickness

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23
Q

List the kinds of organisms included in fungi

A

Molds: filamentous fungi
Yeasts: single-called fungi
Mushrooms: reproductive structures of the same fungi

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24
Q

Characteristics of fungi

A

Cell walls made of chitin which has long chains of polysaccharides
The fungal membranes typically have ergosterol which is a very large molecules that doesn’t let the membrane move too quickly. This prevents leaky membrane due to an increase in temperature (drugs for fungal infections target ergosterol)

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25
Q

Saprophytic

A

Fungi excrete enzymes to degrade larger molecules, can degrade cellulose and lignin.

GET NUTRIENTS FROM DEAD AND DECAYING MATTER

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26
Q

Four major classes of fungi

A

Chytridomycetes
Zygomycetes
Ascomycetes
Basidiomycetes

Last three are terrestrial

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27
Q

Chytrids

A

Usually live in water
Reproduce by flagellated gametes
The only fungi w motile forms

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28
Q

Zygomycetes

A

Reproduce with sexual spores known as zygospores in the sporangia

Black bread mold (Rhizopus)

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29
Q

Ascomycetes

A

Reproduction involves the formation of an ascus (sac) on specialized hyphae

Most common type of fungi

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30
Q

Basidiomycetes

A

Produce basidiomycetes that are borne on club-shaped structures at the tips of the hyphae

Club fungi that includes mushrooms like pets Ella and plant parasites

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31
Q

The four major classes of fungi are based upon

A

The type of reproduction they do

32
Q

Structure of fungi

A

Most fungi are multicellular

Composed of hyphae (single branch) the visible mass of hyphae is called the mycelium

33
Q

Haustoria

A

Characteristic of parasitic fungi. These are structures that protrude into host cells. They help them anchor

34
Q

Rhizoids

A

Characteristic of saprophytic fungi which help anchor to substrate

35
Q

Dimorphic fungi

A

Can grow as single yeast cells or multicellular mycelia

Their reproductive spores are easily airborne and develop into yeast when inhaled this causes disease. Ie: histoplasma capsilatum

36
Q

Growth requirements of fungi

A

can tolerate pH range from 2.2-9.6

Most prefer 20-35 degrees Celsius but some grow below freezing
Most Require oxygen but some yeasts are facultative anaerobes

37
Q

Lichens

A

An association of fungus and photosynthesizer (algae of Cyanobacteria). This fungus is protection for the algae and the algae produces sugars to feed the fungus. Bc of this relationship the lichens can survive for a long time in harsh environments

38
Q

Mychorrhizas

A

Beneficial association with plant roots
Hugh surface area of hyphae supplies plants with water, minerals, nitrogen, and phosphorus. In return the plant supplies the fungi with organic compounds

39
Q

How do fungi reproduce

A

Fusion of hyphae of sex or asex spores

40
Q

Where are the spores in zygomycetes houses

A

Sporangia

41
Q

Where are spores of ascomycetes housed

A

Asci

42
Q

Where are the spores of basidiomycetes housed

A

Beneath mushrooms in gills or puffball

43
Q

Yeast reproduce by

A

Budding

44
Q

Economic importance of fungi

A

Antimicrobial medicine
Useful tools of study of eukaryotic organisms
Yeasts genetically engineered to produce insulin, hepatitis B vaccine
Bakers yeast
Cheese making
Great spoilers if food
Fungal crop diseases impose billions of dollars in cost

45
Q

Medical importance of fungi

A 
few species infect humans 
Athletes foot 
Jock itch 
Cryptococcal meningitis 
May produce anyimicorobials net impact likely positive
46
Q

3 routes of Human fungal illness

A

1) allergic reaction
2) fungus grows in or on body causes mycosis (disease)
3) fungus produces toxins

47
Q

What is the rye mold that produces hallocinogenjc toxins

A

Ergot Aka claviceps purpurea

48
Q

Diatomaceous earth

A

Diatoms a form of algae incorporate silicon into cell walls and the deposits are mined to create this substance

49
Q

Loboseans and heteroloboseans

A

A type of protozoans that both have ameboid (flexible) bodies. But they both do different things

Loboseans extend to engulf food (Entameoba histolytica causes disease in humans)

Heteroloboseans form flagellated cells. Brain eaters

50
Q

Polymorphic protozoan

A

Can exist as a trophozoite which is a vegetative or feeding form and a cyst in its resting form

51
Q

Describe the composition of a virus

A

Simply genetic information (RNA or DNA) and a protein coat

Generally small ~10-100 nm
Largest being ~100 nm

52
Q

Virion

A

The nucleic acid and the protein coat

53
Q

Capsid

A

The protein coat that protects the nucleic acids and carries the required enzymes

54
Q

Capsomers

A

Units that make up the capsid

55
Q

Nucleocapsid

A

Capsid and nucleic acids

56
Q

Spikes

A

Proteins that interact with receptors of the host

57
Q

Naked vs new enveloped virus

A

Naked virus is just the virion/ nucleocapsid

Enveloped viruses have a lipid bilayer

58
Q

Why are enveloped virsuses easier to kill than naked viruses

A

The envelope is able to be stripped by soap this means that the virion loses its spikes. No spikes means no interaction with the host and no infections

59
Q

Matrix protein

A

Between nucleocapsid and envelope

60
Q

Why is the viral genome funky

A

Bc some use DNA: with both dsDNA and ssDNA options. ssDNA doesn’t exist anywhere else

Some use RNA: with both ssRNA and dsRNA options.
dsDNA doesn’t exist anywhere else

61
Q

Why can viruses only multiply inside cells

A

They do not have their own replication metabolism or motility and must hijack the cells reproductive organs to reproduce

62
Q

Arboviruses

A

From Arthropod borne and are spread by arthropods cause yellow fever, dengue fever, West Nile encephalitis, La Crosse encephalitis

63
Q

3 types of bacteriophage

A

Lytic
Temperate
Filamentous

64
Q

Lytic phage

A

When lytic or virulent phages exit the host the cell is lysed

65
Q

Productive infections

A

Productive infections are infections in which the new particles are formed

66
Q

Temperate phage

A

Have the option of lytic or lysogenic routes

The lysogenic infection involves the incorporation of DNA into the host cells genome. The infected cell is then called the lysogen

67
Q

Filamentous phage

A

Single stranded DNA particles that look like long fibers. The host cells aren’t killed but they do grow more slowly after they are infected.
The phage replicate on the way out in the pores of the cell = EXTRUSION

68
Q

Five steps of the viral infection cycle

A 
Attachment 
Penetration and uncoating 
Synthesis 
Assembly 
Release
69
Q

Attachment

A

Viruses bind to receptors (usually glycoproteins) on plasma membranes. Often more than one attachment is required. Specific receptors are required which limits the range of the virus

70
Q

Penetration and uncoating

A

Fusion or endocytosis

71
Q

Synthesis

A

The cell makes more viral protein and nucleic acid

72
Q

Assembly

A

Happens spontaneous
A protein capsid forms with genome wnd enzymes
Takes place in the nucleus if DNA
Take place in the organelles of cytoplasm if RNA

73
Q

Release

A

Depends on the type of virus

  • enveloped virus: budding
  • Naked virus: apoptosis (release when cell dies) programmed cell death
74
Q

Latent infection

A

The cell is infected but there aren’t any signs. No replication happens but at some point they spring into action

75
Q

Acute infection

A

Cell dies

BIO-215 (4 decks)

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