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BIO-215 > Topic 3 Study guide > Flashcards

Topic 3 Study guide Flashcards

1
Q

Taxonomy

A

The science that studies organisms to arrange them into groups or taxa

There are three separate but interrelated areas:
Identification
Classification
Nomenclature

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2
Q

Identification

A

Process of characterizing microbes in order to group them

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3
Q

Classification

A

Arranging organisms into similar or related groups

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4
Q

Nomenclature

A

System of assigning names

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5
Q

Order of taxonomic groups from the most general to the most specific

A 
Domain/kingdom 
Phylum 
Class 
Order
Family 
Genus
Species
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6
Q

Domain

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

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7
Q

Genus

A

A taxonomic group covering more than one species under a larger umbrella

Example: escherichia

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8
Q

Species

A

A basic unit, a group of morphologically similar organisms capable of producing fertile offspring. However, this definition is problematic for prokaryotes so in microbiology a species is a group of closely related isolates or strains

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9
Q

Strain

A

A genetic variant or subtype of a microorganism

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10
Q

Phylogeny

A

Evolutionary relatedness

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11
Q

Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology

A

Describes all known species
Classifies according to genetic relatedness. Old version used to be grouped according to phenotype so there are some major differences

Names given according to the international code of nomenclature of bacteria

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12
Q

Algae

A

Simple autotrophs

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13
Q

Fungi

A

Heterotrophic organisms

Chitin in cell wall

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14
Q

Protozoa

A

Microscopic heterotrophs that are not fungi

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15
Q

Protists

A

General terms used for eukaryotes that are not fungi, plants, animals

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16
Q

Describe the characteristics and roles of algae

A

Simple photosynthetic eukaryotes
A diverse group of protists
Cell wall of cellulose
Sexual and asexual reproduction

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17
Q

Why are algae important to human existence

A

Major producers of oxygen and they consume carbon dioxide.

While they do not directly cause human diseases they can indirectly via toxins. Algal blooms occur from upwelling of nutrients and warm temps. Gonyaulax produce neurotoxins that shellfish eat. When we eat the shellfish we can suffer paralytic shellfish poisoning

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18
Q

Describe the structure of macroscopic algae

A

Stalk (stipe) usually has leaflike structures attached, blades are the main site of photosynthesis

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19
Q

List the characteristics of protozoans

A

Means “animal-like”
Unicellular heterotrophs that are not fungi l, slime molds, or water molds
Do not have cell wall
Can only survive in rich aqueous solutions
Have flagella

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20
Q

Ampicomplexans

A

Parasites with apical complex at one end, help penetrate the host cells

Includes plasmodium which is the causative agent of malaria, one of the most significant diseases in the world . Affects lymph nodes and blood cells

Includes toxoplasma gondii, cryptosporidium parvum, and cyclospora cayetanensis

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21
Q

Diplomonads and parabasalids

A

Flagellated protists lacking mitochondria. They reproduce asexually
And have hydrogensomes that produce some ATP while generating hydrogen
Example: trichomonas vaginalis

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22
Q

Kinetoplastids

A

Have at least one flagellum
Distinctive complex mass of DNA in their large single mitochondria

Example: trypanosoma Brucei which is African sleeping sickness

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23
Q

List the kinds of organisms included in fungi

A

Molds: filamentous fungi
Yeasts: single-called fungi
Mushrooms: reproductive structures of the same fungi

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24
Q

Characteristics of fungi

A

Cell walls made of chitin which has long chains of polysaccharides
The fungal membranes typically have ergosterol which is a very large molecules that doesn’t let the membrane move too quickly. This prevents leaky membrane due to an increase in temperature (drugs for fungal infections target ergosterol)

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25
Saprophytic
Fungi excrete enzymes to degrade larger molecules, can degrade cellulose and lignin. GET NUTRIENTS FROM DEAD AND DECAYING MATTER
26
Four major classes of fungi
Chytridomycetes Zygomycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes Last three are terrestrial
27
Chytrids
Usually live in water Reproduce by flagellated gametes The only fungi w motile forms
28
Zygomycetes
Reproduce with sexual spores known as zygospores in the sporangia Black bread mold (Rhizopus)
29
Ascomycetes
Reproduction involves the formation of an ascus (sac) on specialized hyphae Most common type of fungi
30
Basidiomycetes
Produce basidiomycetes that are borne on club-shaped structures at the tips of the hyphae Club fungi that includes mushrooms like pets Ella and plant parasites
31
The four major classes of fungi are based upon
The type of reproduction they do
32
Structure of fungi
Most fungi are multicellular | Composed of hyphae (single branch) the visible mass of hyphae is called the mycelium
33
Haustoria
Characteristic of parasitic fungi. These are structures that protrude into host cells. They help them anchor
34
Rhizoids
Characteristic of saprophytic fungi which help anchor to substrate
35
Dimorphic fungi
Can grow as single yeast cells or multicellular mycelia Their reproductive spores are easily airborne and develop into yeast when inhaled this causes disease. Ie: histoplasma capsilatum
36
Growth requirements of fungi
can tolerate pH range from 2.2-9.6 Most prefer 20-35 degrees Celsius but some grow below freezing Most Require oxygen but some yeasts are facultative anaerobes
37
Lichens
An association of fungus and photosynthesizer (algae of Cyanobacteria). This fungus is protection for the algae and the algae produces sugars to feed the fungus. Bc of this relationship the lichens can survive for a long time in harsh environments
38
Mychorrhizas
Beneficial association with plant roots Hugh surface area of hyphae supplies plants with water, minerals, nitrogen, and phosphorus. In return the plant supplies the fungi with organic compounds
39
How do fungi reproduce
Fusion of hyphae of sex or asex spores
40
Where are the spores in zygomycetes houses
Sporangia
41
Where are spores of ascomycetes housed
Asci
42
Where are the spores of basidiomycetes housed
Beneath mushrooms in gills or puffball
43
Yeast reproduce by
Budding
44
Economic importance of fungi
Antimicrobial medicine Useful tools of study of eukaryotic organisms Yeasts genetically engineered to produce insulin, hepatitis B vaccine Bakers yeast Cheese making Great spoilers if food Fungal crop diseases impose billions of dollars in cost
45
Medical importance of fungi
``` few species infect humans Athletes foot Jock itch Cryptococcal meningitis May produce anyimicorobials net impact likely positive ```
46
3 routes of Human fungal illness
1) allergic reaction 2) fungus grows in or on body causes mycosis (disease) 3) fungus produces toxins
47
What is the rye mold that produces hallocinogenjc toxins
Ergot Aka claviceps purpurea
48
Diatomaceous earth
Diatoms a form of algae incorporate silicon into cell walls and the deposits are mined to create this substance
49
Loboseans and heteroloboseans
A type of protozoans that both have ameboid (flexible) bodies. But they both do different things Loboseans extend to engulf food (Entameoba histolytica causes disease in humans) Heteroloboseans form flagellated cells. Brain eaters
50
Polymorphic protozoan
Can exist as a trophozoite which is a vegetative or feeding form and a cyst in its resting form
51
Describe the composition of a virus
Simply genetic information (RNA or DNA) and a protein coat Generally small ~10-100 nm Largest being ~100 nm
52
Virion
The nucleic acid and the protein coat
53
Capsid
The protein coat that protects the nucleic acids and carries the required enzymes
54
Capsomers
Units that make up the capsid
55
Nucleocapsid
Capsid and nucleic acids
56
Spikes
Proteins that interact with receptors of the host
57
Naked vs new enveloped virus
Naked virus is just the virion/ nucleocapsid Enveloped viruses have a lipid bilayer
58
Why are enveloped virsuses easier to kill than naked viruses
The envelope is able to be stripped by soap this means that the virion loses its spikes. No spikes means no interaction with the host and no infections
59
Matrix protein
Between nucleocapsid and envelope
60
Why is the viral genome funky
Bc some use DNA: with both dsDNA and ssDNA options. ssDNA doesn’t exist anywhere else Some use RNA: with both ssRNA and dsRNA options. dsDNA doesn’t exist anywhere else
61
Why can viruses only multiply inside cells
They do not have their own replication metabolism or motility and must hijack the cells reproductive organs to reproduce
62
Arboviruses
From Arthropod borne and are spread by arthropods cause yellow fever, dengue fever, West Nile encephalitis, La Crosse encephalitis
63
3 types of bacteriophage
Lytic Temperate Filamentous
64
Lytic phage
When lytic or virulent phages exit the host the cell is lysed
65
Productive infections
Productive infections are infections in which the new particles are formed
66
Temperate phage
Have the option of lytic or lysogenic routes The lysogenic infection involves the incorporation of DNA into the host cells genome. The infected cell is then called the lysogen
67
Filamentous phage
Single stranded DNA particles that look like long fibers. The host cells aren’t killed but they do grow more slowly after they are infected. The phage replicate on the way out in the pores of the cell = EXTRUSION
68
Five steps of the viral infection cycle
``` Attachment Penetration and uncoating Synthesis Assembly Release ```
69
Attachment
Viruses bind to receptors (usually glycoproteins) on plasma membranes. Often more than one attachment is required. Specific receptors are required which limits the range of the virus
70
Penetration and uncoating
Fusion or endocytosis
71
Synthesis
The cell makes more viral protein and nucleic acid
72
Assembly
Happens spontaneous A protein capsid forms with genome wnd enzymes Takes place in the nucleus if DNA Take place in the organelles of cytoplasm if RNA
73
Release
Depends on the type of virus - enveloped virus: budding - Naked virus: apoptosis (release when cell dies) programmed cell death
74
Latent infection
The cell is infected but there aren’t any signs. No replication happens but at some point they spring into action
75
Acute infection
Cell dies

BIO-215 (4 decks)

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