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BIO-215 > Quiz 4 > Flashcards

Quiz 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Difference between innate and adaptive immunity

A

Innate immunity is routine protection. Although it is nonspecific it invokes a pattern recognition of specific molecules.
Whereas adaptive immunity develops throughout life. Antigens cause a response, system produces antibodies to bind. Can also destroy host cells.

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2
Q

First line Defenses

A

Physical barriers blocking entry like skin and mucous membranes

If invaders breach, the sensor systems detect and innate defenses work to destroy invaders

Inflammatory response

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3
Q

Fever

A

Interferons change the way the brain handles temp. Causes an increase in temperature

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4
Q

Salt

A

Bacteria do not like the salt that accumulates from perspiration

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5
Q

Lysozyme

A

In tears, milk, saliva. It degrades peptidoglycan, so cell walls burst. Lysozyme in saliva heals wounds and has soothing effect. This is why chloe licks her paws

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6
Q

Peroxidase

A

Enzymes that break down hydrogen peroxide

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7
Q

Defensins

A

Make pores in the membrane of bacteria so the cell contents leak and they die

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8
Q

Lactoferrin

A

Binds iron. We rarely have free iron in our bodies because we bind to lactoferrin so microbes have no free iron. This limits microbial growth

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9
Q

Normal microbiota

A

I’m vagina produce lactic acid so yeast and other pathogens can’t live there

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10
Q

Cells of the immune system are formed via

A

Hematopoiesis in the red marrow. Induced to develop by colony stimulating factors

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11
Q

Three general categories of cells made in marrow

A

Erythrocytes- carry oxygen
Platelets( Megakaryocytes)- involved in clotting
White blood cells (Leukocytes)- involvd in host defenses

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12
Q

Granulocytes

A

Eosinophils
Basophils
Neutrophils

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13
Q

Lymphocytes

A

NK cell
T cell
B cell

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14
Q

Monocytes

A

Differentiate into macrophage or dendritic cells which are considered WHITE BLOOD CELLS (leukocytes)

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15
Q

Granulocytes contain

A

Cytoplasmic granules

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16
Q

Neutrophils

A

Engulf and destroy bacterial and other material

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17
Q

Basophils

A

Involved in allergic reactions, inflammation

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18
Q

Eosinophils

A

Fight parasitic worms and involved in allergic reactions

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19
Q

4 types of leukocytes

A

Mononuclear phagocytes: macrophages and monocytes
Dendritic cells
Lymphocytes

20
Q

Dendritic cells

A

Sentinel cells, functions as scouts
Engulf material in tissues and bring it to cells of adaptive immune system for inspection
Usually develop from monocytes

FIRST TO DETECT PATHOGENS. They have increased surface area to detect the problem, then the digest and keep the molecules to put on the surface - antigenic presentation

21
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Responsible for adaptive immunity
B cells, T cells are highly specific in recognition of antigen. They generally reside in lymph nodes, lymphatic tissues
NK cells lack specificity

22
Q

Surface receptors

A

Serve as eyes and ears of the cell, usually span the membrane and Connie to the outside of the cell. The biding of a specific ligand produces the response

23
Q

Adhesion molecules

A

Allow cells to adhere to other cells

Ie: endothelial cells can adhere to phagocytosis cells and allow them to exit the bloodstream

24
Q

Cytokines

A

The voices of the cell. They are produced by the cell to diffuse to others. Then they bind to appreciate cytokines receptors to induce changes such as growth, differentiation, movement, and cell death

25
Q

Chemokines

A

Chemo taxis of immune cells

26
Q

Colony-stimulating factors

A

A type of cytokines that causes leukocytes to multiply and differentiate

27
Q

Interferons INFs

A

Cytokines involved in the control of viral infections and regulation of inflammatory response

28
Q

Interleukins

A

Cytokines produced by leukocytes, important in innate and adaptive immunity

29
Q

Tumor necrosis factor

A

Cytokines responsible for inflammation and apoptosis

Humans produce this and cause death of tumor

30
Q

Pattern recognition receptors

A

Detect pathogen associated molecular patterns. AKA they see signs of microbial invasion.

They are made of cell wall components.

Some are called MAMPs for mixrobe associated
Some are called DAMPs for danger associated

31
Q

Toll like receptors

A

Anchored in the membrane of sentinel cells (ie: macrophages, dendritic cells, cells lining sterile body sites)

They are cells that see pattern recognition receptors in the extra cellular environment. They characterize the ingested material and report back to nucleus

32
Q

NOD

A

Nucelotides binding oligomerization domain like receptors found in the cytoplasms. These detect components indicating the cell has been breached. This is the second defense in case the pathogen in the cytoplasm got past the toll like receptors

GROUP OF PROTEINS THAT STARTS PROCESS OF INFLAMMATION IS INFLAMMASOME.

33
Q

RIG like receptors

A

Defense 3. Found in the cytoplasm. Detect viral RNA indicating infection, produce interferons. The interferons go to nearby cells and tell them hey guys let’s do soemthing about this. Then cells produce antiviral protein. This allows the neighboring cells to prepare for infection

Ie: corona virus

34
Q

Complement

A

The key components of the complement system are C3 and C5 proteins. When this splits into a and b subunits causes the c5 to also split into a and b. Then the system to be fully activated. Triggers inflammation.

There are three triggers for activation of this system

1) classical
2) alternative
3) lectin pathway

35
Q

Opsonization

A

C3b binds to the bacterial cells and foreign particles allows phagocytes to engulf more easily.

36
Q

Diapedisis

A

The process in which WBC slow down and go across wall of vessel

37
Q

Classical

A

Antibodies bind to pathogen.

For the first week this won’t work so in the first week use the alternative pathway.

38
Q

Alternative

A

C3b binds to binds to foreign cell surfaces

39
Q

Lectin pathway

A

Pattern recognition molecules (mannose binding lectins) bind to mannose (LPS) of microbial cells, interact with complement system.

Works for first week of infection

40
Q

Inflammatory response

A

C5a attracts phagocytes to area, c3a and c5a increase permeability of blood vessels . Induce mast cells to release cytokines

41
Q

Lysis of foreign cells

A

Membrane attack complexes (MAC) formed by C5b, C6, C7, c8, c9 cause lysis.

42
Q

Regulatory protein binds to cell membrane of the cell.

A

When thou have this cb will not attach to our cells. This prevent autoimmune disorder

43
Q

Phagocytosis

A

1) chemotaxis; phagocytes recruited by chemoattarctants
2) recognition and attachment: direct= bind to mannose) or indirect= bind to opsonins
3) engulfment: pseudopods surround and form phagosome
4) phagosome maturation and phagolysosome formation.
5) destruction and digestion: toxic ROS and nitric oxide produced enzymes degrade and loactoferrin ties up iron
6) exocytosis: triggers inflammation

44
Q

Pus

A

Dead neutrophils and macrophage

45
Q

Immune cells that do phagocytosis

A

Macrophage
Dendritic
Neutrophils

46
Q

Fever

A

Temperature rise enhances inflammatory response. Enhances inflammatory response, phagocytes killing by leukocytes, multiplication of lymphocytes,
Release of attractrans for neutrophils
Production of interferons and antibodies

BIO-215 (4 decks)

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