Quiz 4

Question 1

Difference between innate and adaptive immunity

Answer 1

Innate immunity is routine protection. Although it is nonspecific it invokes a pattern recognition of specific molecules.
Whereas adaptive immunity develops throughout life. Antigens cause a response, system produces antibodies to bind. Can also destroy host cells.

Question 2

First line Defenses

Answer 2

Physical barriers blocking entry like skin and mucous membranes

If invaders breach, the sensor systems detect and innate defenses work to destroy invaders

Inflammatory response

Question 3

Fever

Answer 3

Interferons change the way the brain handles temp. Causes an increase in temperature

Question 4

Salt

Answer 4

Bacteria do not like the salt that accumulates from perspiration

Question 5

Lysozyme

Answer 5

In tears, milk, saliva. It degrades peptidoglycan, so cell walls burst. Lysozyme in saliva heals wounds and has soothing effect. This is why chloe licks her paws

Question 6

Peroxidase

Answer 6

Enzymes that break down hydrogen peroxide

Question 7

Defensins

Answer 7

Make pores in the membrane of bacteria so the cell contents leak and they die

Question 8

Lactoferrin

Answer 8

Binds iron. We rarely have free iron in our bodies because we bind to lactoferrin so microbes have no free iron. This limits microbial growth

Question 9

Normal microbiota

Answer 9

I’m vagina produce lactic acid so yeast and other pathogens can’t live there

Question 10

Cells of the immune system are formed via

Answer 10

Hematopoiesis in the red marrow. Induced to develop by colony stimulating factors

Question 11

Three general categories of cells made in marrow

Answer 11

Erythrocytes- carry oxygen
Platelets( Megakaryocytes)- involved in clotting
White blood cells (Leukocytes)- involvd in host defenses

Question 12

Granulocytes

Answer 12

Eosinophils
Basophils
Neutrophils

Question 13

Lymphocytes

Answer 13

NK cell
T cell
B cell

Question 14

Monocytes

Answer 14

Differentiate into macrophage or dendritic cells which are considered WHITE BLOOD CELLS (leukocytes)

Question 15

Granulocytes contain

Answer 15

Cytoplasmic granules

Question 16

Neutrophils

Answer 16

Engulf and destroy bacterial and other material

Question 17

Basophils

Answer 17

Involved in allergic reactions, inflammation

Question 18

Eosinophils

Answer 18

Fight parasitic worms and involved in allergic reactions

Question 19

4 types of leukocytes

Answer 19

Mononuclear phagocytes: macrophages and monocytes
Dendritic cells
Lymphocytes

Question 20

Dendritic cells

Answer 20

Sentinel cells, functions as scouts
Engulf material in tissues and bring it to cells of adaptive immune system for inspection
Usually develop from monocytes

FIRST TO DETECT PATHOGENS. They have increased surface area to detect the problem, then the digest and keep the molecules to put on the surface - antigenic presentation

Question 21

Lymphocytes

Answer 21

Responsible for adaptive immunity
B cells, T cells are highly specific in recognition of antigen. They generally reside in lymph nodes, lymphatic tissues
NK cells lack specificity

Question 22

Surface receptors

Answer 22

Serve as eyes and ears of the cell, usually span the membrane and Connie to the outside of the cell. The biding of a specific ligand produces the response

Question 23

Adhesion molecules

Answer 23

Allow cells to adhere to other cells

Ie: endothelial cells can adhere to phagocytosis cells and allow them to exit the bloodstream

Question 24

Cytokines

Answer 24

The voices of the cell. They are produced by the cell to diffuse to others. Then they bind to appreciate cytokines receptors to induce changes such as growth, differentiation, movement, and cell death

Question 25

Chemokines

Answer 25

Chemo taxis of immune cells

Question 26

Colony-stimulating factors

Answer 26

A type of cytokines that causes leukocytes to multiply and differentiate

Question 27

Interferons INFs

Answer 27

Cytokines involved in the control of viral infections and regulation of inflammatory response

Question 28

Interleukins

Answer 28

Cytokines produced by leukocytes, important in innate and adaptive immunity

Question 29

Tumor necrosis factor

Answer 29

Cytokines responsible for inflammation and apoptosis Humans produce this and cause death of tumor

Question 30

Pattern recognition receptors

Answer 30

Detect pathogen associated molecular patterns. AKA they see signs of microbial invasion. They are made of cell wall components. Some are called MAMPs for mixrobe associated Some are called DAMPs for danger associated

Question 31

Toll like receptors

Answer 31

Anchored in the membrane of sentinel cells (ie: macrophages, dendritic cells, cells lining sterile body sites) They are cells that see pattern recognition receptors in the extra cellular environment. They characterize the ingested material and report back to nucleus

Question 32

NOD

Answer 32

Nucelotides binding oligomerization domain like receptors found in the cytoplasms. These detect components indicating the cell has been breached. This is the second defense in case the pathogen in the cytoplasm got past the toll like receptors GROUP OF PROTEINS THAT STARTS PROCESS OF INFLAMMATION IS INFLAMMASOME.

Question 33

RIG like receptors

Answer 33

Defense 3. Found in the cytoplasm. Detect viral RNA indicating infection, produce interferons. The interferons go to nearby cells and tell them hey guys let’s do soemthing about this. Then cells produce antiviral protein. This allows the neighboring cells to prepare for infection Ie: corona virus

Question 34

Complement

Answer 34

The key components of the complement system are C3 and C5 proteins. When this splits into a and b subunits causes the c5 to also split into a and b. Then the system to be fully activated. Triggers inflammation. There are three triggers for activation of this system 1) classical 2) alternative 3) lectin pathway

Question 35

Opsonization

Answer 35

C3b binds to the bacterial cells and foreign particles allows phagocytes to engulf more easily.

Question 36

Diapedisis

Answer 36

The process in which WBC slow down and go across wall of vessel

Question 37

Classical

Answer 37

Antibodies bind to pathogen. | For the first week this won’t work so in the first week use the alternative pathway.

Question 38

Alternative

Answer 38

C3b binds to binds to foreign cell surfaces

Question 39

Lectin pathway

Answer 39

Pattern recognition molecules (mannose binding lectins) bind to mannose (LPS) of microbial cells, interact with complement system. Works for first week of infection

Question 40

Inflammatory response

Answer 40

C5a attracts phagocytes to area, c3a and c5a increase permeability of blood vessels . Induce mast cells to release cytokines

Question 41

Lysis of foreign cells

Answer 41

Membrane attack complexes (MAC) formed by C5b, C6, C7, c8, c9 cause lysis.

Question 42

Regulatory protein binds to cell membrane of the cell.

Answer 42

When thou have this cb will not attach to our cells. This prevent autoimmune disorder

Question 43

Phagocytosis

Answer 43

1) chemotaxis; phagocytes recruited by chemoattarctants 2) recognition and attachment: direct= bind to mannose) or indirect= bind to opsonins 3) engulfment: pseudopods surround and form phagosome 4) phagosome maturation and phagolysosome formation. 5) destruction and digestion: toxic ROS and nitric oxide produced enzymes degrade and loactoferrin ties up iron 6) exocytosis: triggers inflammation

Question 44

Pus

Answer 44

Dead neutrophils and macrophage

Question 45

Immune cells that do phagocytosis

Answer 45

Macrophage Dendritic Neutrophils

Question 46

Fever

Answer 46

Temperature rise enhances inflammatory response. Enhances inflammatory response, phagocytes killing by leukocytes, multiplication of lymphocytes, Release of attractrans for neutrophils Production of interferons and antibodies