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BIO-215 > Benchmark Quiz > Flashcards

Benchmark Quiz Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Epidemiology

A

The study of disease patterns in populations

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2
Q

Epidemiologists

A

(Heath detectives) that collect and compile data about sources of disease and risk factors

-design control strat

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3
Q

Attack rate

A

Percentage of people who become ill in a population after exposure.
Reflects infectious dose, immune status population

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4
Q

Incidence rate

A

Number of new cases/time/population

Measures risk of an individual contracting a disease

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5
Q

Prevalence

A

Total number of cases at a time for any specific period in a given population

Reflects overall impact of disease on society, includes new and old cases as well as duration of disease

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6
Q

Morbidity

A

Incidence of disease in population at risk

Ie: influenza often have high morbidity rate bc an infectious individual may transfer to may others

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7
Q

Mortality

A

Is overall death rate in population

In developed countries, most often associated with non-communicable disease like heart attack

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8
Q

Infectious disease is

A

A major cause of death in developing countries

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9
Q

Case-fatality rate

A

Percentage of population that dies from a specific disease

Plague, Ebola feared because of very high rate

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10
Q

Endemic diseases

A

Constantly present in population

Ie: common cold, measles’s

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11
Q

Epidemic

A

Unusually large number of cases

Can be from introduced or endemic disease

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12
Q

Outbreak

A

Group of cases at specific time and population

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13
Q

Pandemic

A

Global disease

Ie: AIDS

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14
Q

Reservoir

A

The natural habitat in which pathogen lives

Can be in or on animal, human, or environment (soil,water)

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15
Q

Human reservoirs

A

Easier to control bc of vaccination etc

Can be symptomatic or asymptotic

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16
Q

Zoonoses (zoonotic diseases)

A

Primarily exist in animals but can be transmitted to humans (ie: plague, rabies)

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17
Q

Environmental reservoirs

A

Difficult or impossible to eliminate

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18
Q

Portal of exit/entry

A

Body surface or orifice that is the exit route for pathogen

Ie: intestinal tract: in feces
Respiratory tract: exit in droplets of saliva or mucus
Skin: she’s on skin cells
Genital pathogens: semen, vaginal secretions

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19
Q

Differentiate between horizontal and vertical transmission of disease

A

Vertical transmission is when pregnant women transfer disease to their baby during childbirth or breast feeding. Whereas horizontal transmission is disease transferred person to person via air, physical contact, ingestion of food, water etc

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20
Q

Mechanisms of transmission of microbial disease

A 
Direct contact 
Indirect contact 
Droplet transmission 
Food and water 
Air 
Vectors
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21
Q

Direct contact

A

Handshake- sexual intercourse

Infectious dose is important
From hands it can be ingested: fecal-oral transmission

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22
Q

Single most important measure for preventing spread of infection

A

Hand washing

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23
Q

Indirect contact

A

Disease from Inanimate objects or fomites such as clothing, table tops, doorknobs, drinking glasses

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24
Q

Droplet transmission

A

Respiratory droplets generally fall to the ground within a meter from release

Spread minimized by covering mouth when sneezing

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25
Q

Cross contamination

A

Transfer of bacteria from one food to another

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26
Q

Air mode of transmission

A

Particles larger than 10 micrometers usually trapped by mucus but smaller particles can enter in the lungs

Talking, laughing, singing, sneezing, coughing all generate droplet nuclei which are microbes attached to dried material. These remain suspended

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27
Q

Vectors

A

Living organisms that contain pathogens. Most commonly arthropods

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28
Q

Mechanical vector

A

Fly landing on shit and then landing on steak and then you eating steak

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29
Q

Biological vector

A

Mosquito spreading malaria

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30
Q

Pathogen factors that influence the epidemiology of the disease

A

-virulence
The dose
The incubation period

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31
Q

The dose

A

Minimum number of pathogens requires to cause symptomatic disease

Doses below minimum necessary may produce asymptomatic infection

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32
Q

Incubation period

A

Influences the extent of spread

Basically the time between infectious and presentation of symptoms

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33
Q

Virulence

A

The ability to cause disease
Factors that allow pathogen to adhere to penetrate host cell, thwart immune defenses and damage the host

How do each bacteria cause disease in host..

34
Q

Host factors that influence disease epidemiology

A 
Immunity to pathogen 
General health 
Age 
Gender 
Religious and cultural practices 
Genetic background
35
Q

Immunity to pathogen

A

Caused by previous exposure or immunization. Herd immunity protects no immune individuals in the population

36
Q

Herd immunity

A

Greater than 90% of population immune to disease

37
Q

Descriptive studies

A

Data is collected following an outbreak

Details about the person, time, and place are used to pinpoint source

38
Q

Common source epidemic

A

Rapid rise in cases suggests exposure to single source of pathogen

39
Q

Propagated epidemic

A

Slow rise in cases suggests contagious disease spreading in population.
The first case is called the index case

40
Q

Analytical studies

A

Determine the relevancy of risk factors

41
Q

Cross-sectional studies

A

Survey a range of people may suggest associations between risk factors and disease

42
Q

Retrospective studies

A

Actions and events are compared (individuals who developed disease vs healthy controls)

A case control study attempts to identify causative chain of evens leading to disease

43
Q

Prospective studies

A

Looks ahead from prospective studies
Predicts tendency to develop disease
Cohort groups with know exposure to risk factor and selected and followed over time

44
Q

Experimental studies

A

Judge cause/effect relationships of risk factors and development of disease

The treatment is compared with a known treatment or placebo

Double-blind studies are conducted to avoid bias

45
Q

What was the first successful anti microbial agent and who discovered it?

A

Paul ehrlich synthesized arsphenamine (Salvarsan). Proved some chemicals could selectively kill microbes

46
Q

Domagk

A

Discovered prontosil which was used to treat streptococcal infections in animals, first sulfa drug

47
Q

Chemotherapeutic agent

A

Chemicals that are used to treat disease

48
Q

Anti microbial drugs or antimicrobials

A

Chemicals or compounds that are used to treat infectious disease

49
Q

Identify the first antibiotic discovered and the scientist who discovered it

A

Alexander Fleming

Mold penicillium excretes a compound that is toxic to staphylococcus. He named it penicillin

50
Q

Antibiotic

A

Naturally produced antimicrobial

51
Q

Selective toxicity

A

Antimicrobials Cause greater harm to microbes than humans

52
Q

Therapeutic index

A

The lowest dose that is toxic to patient divided by dose used for therapy is the therapeutic index.

If the number is high that means the drug is very safe

If the drug has a low therapeutic index that means it may just be used topically in moderation

53
Q

Bacteriostatic

A

Drugs that inhibit bacterial growth

The patients defenses must still eliminate

54
Q

Bactericidal

A

Kill bacteria

Sometimes only inhibitory

55
Q

Broad spectrum antibiotics

A

Affect a wide range

Important for treating acute life threatening diseases, there are especially used when there is no time to culture for identification.

Con: they disrupt normal micro iota that aid in excluding pathogens

56
Q

Narrow-spectrum antimicrobials

A

Affect limited range
Requires ID of pathogen, testing for sensitivity

Less disruptive to normal microbiota

57
Q

Antagonistic

A

Some drugs interfere with each other negatively

58
Q

Combinations where one drive enhances the other

A

Synergistic

59
Q

Combinations of drugs that have no effects on each other

A

Additive

60
Q

Why is tissue distribution important in selecting an antimicrobial

A

Antimicrobials don’t all act the same throughout the body. For example on some drugs cross from blood into cerebral spinal fluid, this is important in treating meningitis,

Some are unstable at a low pH so they have to be injected

61
Q

Half life

A

How long until drug is at half of its starting potency. Some people metabolism don’t drugs faster/slower than others. This dictates how frequently the patient should take the medication

62
Q

Adverse effects of antimicrobials

A

Include allergic reactions and toxic effects

Suppression of normal microbiota may allow pathogens to flourish

63
Q

Certain bacteria have innate or intrinsic resistance

A

Ie: mycoplasma lack a cell wall so the resist penicillin

The outer membrane of gram negatives resist many drugs

64
Q

Bacteria may develop acquired resistance

A

By spontaneous mutations and horizontal gene transfer

65
Q

5 ways antibacterial drugs target specific bacterial processes and structures

A 
Cell wall synthesis 
Protein synthesis 
Nucleic acid synthesis 
Metabolic pathways 
Cell membranes
66
Q

B lactam drugs, vancomycin, bacitracin

A

Target cell wall synthesis

67
Q

What drugs target protein synthesis

A 
Aminoglycosides
Tetracyclines
Glycylclines 
Macrolides 
Chloramphenicol
Lincosamides 
Oxazolidonones 
Streptogramins
68
Q

Drugs that inhibit nucleic acid synthesis

A

Flororquinolones
Rifamycins
Metronidazole

69
Q

Drugs that interfere with metabolic pathway

A

Sulfonamides

Trimethoprim

70
Q

Interfere with cell membrane integrity

A

Daptomycin

Polymyxin B

71
Q

Interfere with mycobacterium tuberculosis metabolism

A

Ethanbutol
Isoniazid
Pyrazinamide

72
Q

Which drugs interfere with peptidoglycsn synthesis

A

Penicillins
Cephalosporins
B lactam drugs

73
Q

Penicillins share the same

A

Cell wall structure

74
Q

First-line drugs

A

Group of five medications preferred

75
Q

Minimum inhibitory concentration

A

(MIC) the lowest concentration that prevents growth in vitro

Serial solutions of drug in suitable growth medium used; cultures added, incubated, examined for turbidity

Microbes with MIC between susceptible and resistant are termed intermediate

76
Q

Minimum bactericidal concentration

A

MBC is the lowest concentration that kills 99.9% of cells in vitro; determined from plate count from MIC

77
Q

Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion test

A

Routinely used to determine susceptibility of bacterial strain to drugs

Standard concentration of strain uniformly spread on agar plate; discs containing different drugs are placed on surface

Drugs diffuse outward establishing a gradient

78
Q

Diffusion bioassay

A

Measures concentration of antimicrobial drug in body or other bodily fluids. Compares known concentrations with patient samples

This is necessary because some levels are toxic and must be monitored to ensure safety

79
Q

Anti fungal drugs that disrupt or damage the cell membrane

A

Polyenes : Bind to ergosterol and disrupt the plasma membrane allows cytoplasm to leak out
Azoles: interfere with ergosterol synthesis
Allylamines: inhibit an enzyme in the pathway of ergosterol synthesis

80
Q

Anti fungal drugs that inhibit nucleic acid synthesis

A

Flucytosine
Used to treat systemic yeast infections, enzymes with yeast cells convert the drug to something that inhibits an enzyme requires for nucleic acid synthesis, not effective against most molds

BIO-215 (4 decks)

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