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BIO-215 > Benchmark Quiz > Flashcards

Benchmark Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

Epidemiology

A

The study of disease patterns in populations

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2
Q

Epidemiologists

A

(Heath detectives) that collect and compile data about sources of disease and risk factors

-design control strat

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3
Q

Attack rate

A

Percentage of people who become ill in a population after exposure.
Reflects infectious dose, immune status population

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4
Q

Incidence rate

A

Number of new cases/time/population

Measures risk of an individual contracting a disease

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5
Q

Prevalence

A

Total number of cases at a time for any specific period in a given population

Reflects overall impact of disease on society, includes new and old cases as well as duration of disease

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6
Q

Morbidity

A

Incidence of disease in population at risk

Ie: influenza often have high morbidity rate bc an infectious individual may transfer to may others

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7
Q

Mortality

A

Is overall death rate in population

In developed countries, most often associated with non-communicable disease like heart attack

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8
Q

Infectious disease is

A

A major cause of death in developing countries

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9
Q

Case-fatality rate

A

Percentage of population that dies from a specific disease

Plague, Ebola feared because of very high rate

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10
Q

Endemic diseases

A

Constantly present in population

Ie: common cold, measles’s

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11
Q

Epidemic

A

Unusually large number of cases

Can be from introduced or endemic disease

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12
Q

Outbreak

A

Group of cases at specific time and population

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13
Q

Pandemic

A

Global disease

Ie: AIDS

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14
Q

Reservoir

A

The natural habitat in which pathogen lives

Can be in or on animal, human, or environment (soil,water)

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15
Q

Human reservoirs

A

Easier to control bc of vaccination etc

Can be symptomatic or asymptotic

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16
Q

Zoonoses (zoonotic diseases)

A

Primarily exist in animals but can be transmitted to humans (ie: plague, rabies)

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17
Q

Environmental reservoirs

A

Difficult or impossible to eliminate

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18
Q

Portal of exit/entry

A

Body surface or orifice that is the exit route for pathogen

Ie: intestinal tract: in feces
Respiratory tract: exit in droplets of saliva or mucus
Skin: she’s on skin cells
Genital pathogens: semen, vaginal secretions

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19
Q

Differentiate between horizontal and vertical transmission of disease

A

Vertical transmission is when pregnant women transfer disease to their baby during childbirth or breast feeding. Whereas horizontal transmission is disease transferred person to person via air, physical contact, ingestion of food, water etc

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20
Q

Mechanisms of transmission of microbial disease

A 
Direct contact 
Indirect contact 
Droplet transmission 
Food and water 
Air 
Vectors
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21
Q

Direct contact

A

Handshake- sexual intercourse

Infectious dose is important
From hands it can be ingested: fecal-oral transmission

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22
Q

Single most important measure for preventing spread of infection

A

Hand washing

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23
Q

Indirect contact

A

Disease from Inanimate objects or fomites such as clothing, table tops, doorknobs, drinking glasses

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24
Q

Droplet transmission

A

Respiratory droplets generally fall to the ground within a meter from release

Spread minimized by covering mouth when sneezing

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25
Cross contamination
Transfer of bacteria from one food to another
26
Air mode of transmission
Particles larger than 10 micrometers usually trapped by mucus but smaller particles can enter in the lungs Talking, laughing, singing, sneezing, coughing all generate droplet nuclei which are microbes attached to dried material. These remain suspended
27
Vectors
Living organisms that contain pathogens. Most commonly arthropods
28
Mechanical vector
Fly landing on shit and then landing on steak and then you eating steak
29
Biological vector
Mosquito spreading malaria
30
Pathogen factors that influence the epidemiology of the disease
-virulence The dose The incubation period
31
The dose
Minimum number of pathogens requires to cause symptomatic disease Doses below minimum necessary may produce asymptomatic infection
32
Incubation period
Influences the extent of spread | Basically the time between infectious and presentation of symptoms
33
Virulence
The ability to cause disease Factors that allow pathogen to adhere to penetrate host cell, thwart immune defenses and damage the host How do each bacteria cause disease in host..
34
Host factors that influence disease epidemiology
``` Immunity to pathogen General health Age Gender Religious and cultural practices Genetic background ```
35
Immunity to pathogen
Caused by previous exposure or immunization. Herd immunity protects no immune individuals in the population
36
Herd immunity
Greater than 90% of population immune to disease
37
Descriptive studies
Data is collected following an outbreak Details about the person, time, and place are used to pinpoint source
38
Common source epidemic
Rapid rise in cases suggests exposure to single source of pathogen
39
Propagated epidemic
Slow rise in cases suggests contagious disease spreading in population. The first case is called the index case
40
Analytical studies
Determine the relevancy of risk factors
41
Cross-sectional studies
Survey a range of people may suggest associations between risk factors and disease
42
Retrospective studies
Actions and events are compared (individuals who developed disease vs healthy controls) A case control study attempts to identify causative chain of evens leading to disease
43
Prospective studies
Looks ahead from prospective studies Predicts tendency to develop disease Cohort groups with know exposure to risk factor and selected and followed over time
44
Experimental studies
Judge cause/effect relationships of risk factors and development of disease The treatment is compared with a known treatment or placebo Double-blind studies are conducted to avoid bias
45
What was the first successful anti microbial agent and who discovered it?
Paul ehrlich synthesized arsphenamine (Salvarsan). Proved some chemicals could selectively kill microbes
46
Domagk
Discovered prontosil which was used to treat streptococcal infections in animals, first sulfa drug
47
Chemotherapeutic agent
Chemicals that are used to treat disease
48
Anti microbial drugs or antimicrobials
Chemicals or compounds that are used to treat infectious disease
49
Identify the first antibiotic discovered and the scientist who discovered it
Alexander Fleming | Mold penicillium excretes a compound that is toxic to staphylococcus. He named it penicillin
50
Antibiotic
Naturally produced antimicrobial
51
Selective toxicity
Antimicrobials Cause greater harm to microbes than humans
52
Therapeutic index
The lowest dose that is toxic to patient divided by dose used for therapy is the therapeutic index. If the number is high that means the drug is very safe If the drug has a low therapeutic index that means it may just be used topically in moderation
53
Bacteriostatic
Drugs that inhibit bacterial growth The patients defenses must still eliminate
54
Bactericidal
Kill bacteria | Sometimes only inhibitory
55
Broad spectrum antibiotics
Affect a wide range Important for treating acute life threatening diseases, there are especially used when there is no time to culture for identification. Con: they disrupt normal micro iota that aid in excluding pathogens
56
Narrow-spectrum antimicrobials
Affect limited range Requires ID of pathogen, testing for sensitivity Less disruptive to normal microbiota
57
Antagonistic
Some drugs interfere with each other negatively
58
Combinations where one drive enhances the other
Synergistic
59
Combinations of drugs that have no effects on each other
Additive
60
Why is tissue distribution important in selecting an antimicrobial
Antimicrobials don’t all act the same throughout the body. For example on some drugs cross from blood into cerebral spinal fluid, this is important in treating meningitis, Some are unstable at a low pH so they have to be injected
61
Half life
How long until drug is at half of its starting potency. Some people metabolism don’t drugs faster/slower than others. This dictates how frequently the patient should take the medication
62
Adverse effects of antimicrobials
Include allergic reactions and toxic effects | Suppression of normal microbiota may allow pathogens to flourish
63
Certain bacteria have innate or intrinsic resistance
Ie: mycoplasma lack a cell wall so the resist penicillin | The outer membrane of gram negatives resist many drugs
64
Bacteria may develop acquired resistance
By spontaneous mutations and horizontal gene transfer
65
5 ways antibacterial drugs target specific bacterial processes and structures
``` Cell wall synthesis Protein synthesis Nucleic acid synthesis Metabolic pathways Cell membranes ```
66
B lactam drugs, vancomycin, bacitracin
Target cell wall synthesis
67
What drugs target protein synthesis
``` Aminoglycosides Tetracyclines Glycylclines Macrolides Chloramphenicol Lincosamides Oxazolidonones Streptogramins ```
68
Drugs that inhibit nucleic acid synthesis
Flororquinolones Rifamycins Metronidazole
69
Drugs that interfere with metabolic pathway
Sulfonamides | Trimethoprim
70
Interfere with cell membrane integrity
Daptomycin | Polymyxin B
71
Interfere with mycobacterium tuberculosis metabolism
Ethanbutol Isoniazid Pyrazinamide
72
Which drugs interfere with peptidoglycsn synthesis
Penicillins Cephalosporins B lactam drugs
73
Penicillins share the same
Cell wall structure
74
First-line drugs
Group of five medications preferred
75
Minimum inhibitory concentration
(MIC) the lowest concentration that prevents growth in vitro Serial solutions of drug in suitable growth medium used; cultures added, incubated, examined for turbidity Microbes with MIC between susceptible and resistant are termed intermediate
76
Minimum bactericidal concentration
MBC is the lowest concentration that kills 99.9% of cells in vitro; determined from plate count from MIC
77
Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion test
Routinely used to determine susceptibility of bacterial strain to drugs Standard concentration of strain uniformly spread on agar plate; discs containing different drugs are placed on surface Drugs diffuse outward establishing a gradient
78
Diffusion bioassay
Measures concentration of antimicrobial drug in body or other bodily fluids. Compares known concentrations with patient samples This is necessary because some levels are toxic and must be monitored to ensure safety
79
Anti fungal drugs that disrupt or damage the cell membrane
Polyenes : Bind to ergosterol and disrupt the plasma membrane allows cytoplasm to leak out Azoles: interfere with ergosterol synthesis Allylamines: inhibit an enzyme in the pathway of ergosterol synthesis
80
Anti fungal drugs that inhibit nucleic acid synthesis
Flucytosine Used to treat systemic yeast infections, enzymes with yeast cells convert the drug to something that inhibits an enzyme requires for nucleic acid synthesis, not effective against most molds

BIO-215 (4 decks)

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