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Biology 107 Midterm 1 > Topic 3 study cells > Flashcards

Topic 3 study cells Flashcards

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1
Q

Explain components of a light microscope (illumination, lenses, techniques, magnification, resolution.

A

Illumination: light (sun, light bulb, lasers)
Lenses: quarts, glass, plastics
Techniques: oil immersion, staining, fluorescence, confocal
Magnification: 100-1000x
Resolution: .5 micrometers (500 nanometers)

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2
Q

Dissecting scope:

A

Light is reflected off the specimen and produced a 3D image, the stage is large enough to manipulate the specimen, lower magnification than compound scope.

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3
Q

Compound light microscope.

A

Had an ocular and objective lense, light passes through the specimen and the image is inverted, oil immersion can be used to reduce refraction at high magnification

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4
Q

Quality of a microscope image depends on 3 things what are they?

A

Magnification, resolution, contrast

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5
Q

The ratio of an object’s image size to its real size is?

A

Magnification

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6
Q

Resolution?

A

The measure of the clarity of the image, or the minimum distance of two distinguishable points

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7
Q

Contrast?

A

The visible difference in parts of the sample

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8
Q

What can you stain with vital stains?

A

Live cells

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9
Q

What does mordant do?

A

Used to fix the stain or coat the specimen

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10
Q

Fluorescence microscopy use?

A

Fluorescent dyes, markers, stains to increase resolution and contrast

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11
Q

Confocal microscopy

A

A special type of fluorescent microscopy that used lasers to focus light or to excite fluorescent dyes at precise depths

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12
Q

What do electron microscopes do??

A

Electrons waves pass through or bounce off a specimen, are magnified/ focused by magnets and the image is recorded on film or computerized.

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13
Q

Explain a scanning electron microscope (SEM)

A

Specimens are coated with heavy metals
Electrons are bounced off of the specimen resulting in a 3D image
SEM images are often enhanced by adding colours

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14
Q

Explain a transmission electron microscope (TEM)

A

Electrons pass through the specimen
Specimens are stained with heavy metals
TEMs are used mainly to study the internal structure of cells

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15
Q

Scanning probe microscopy (SPM)

A

A probe makes a molecular contact with the atoms of a surface of a specimen and measures its contours creating a 3D digital image.

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16
Q

Another type of scanning probe microscopy is?

A

Atomic force microscopy (AFM)

17
Q

What are the chemical requirements for growth and what each does

A

Carbon: all organisms require carbon
Nitrogen: amino acids and nucleotides
Sulfur: amino acids, thiamine, biotin
Phosphorous: DNA,RNA,ATP and phospholipids
Oxygen: required for cellular respiration but can be lethal to some organisms

18
Q

Microscope from highest to lowest magnification

A

AFM/SPM, TEM, SEM, fluorescent, compound then dissecting

19
Q

Why do we grow cells in the labs?

A

To study them, clinical diagnosis, vaccines

20
Q

Physical requirements for cell growth?

A

Temperature, PH, osmotic pressure

21
Q

Magnification of a SEM

A

Up to 250,000x

22
Q

Magnification of TEM

A

Up to 1,000,000x

23
Q

Electron microscopy illumination?

A

Electrons

24
Q

Lenses for an electron microscopy

A

Magnetic fields

25
Q

Resolution of electron microscopy

A

Approximately 1 nanometer

26
Q

Culturing microbes - liquid media what are the cells suspended in

A

Liquid nutrient broth containing nutrients such as sugar, amino acids, salts that the microbe needs to grow

27
Q

Liquid media can be used for both…

A

Small scale and large scale cultures

28
Q

Culturing media- solid media what is the liquid media turned to…

A

Liquid media is solidified using agar (a carbohydrate extracted from seaweed)

29
Q

On a given media, microbes will grow with specific….

A

Colony morphologies

30
Q

What is solid media often used for

A

Streaking

31
Q

Explain the purpose of streaking

A

Used to isolate a pure stain from a single species of microorganisms, and the sample is diluted so that a single bacterium will grow as a colony

32
Q

Why are animal cells for difficult to culture

A

They require more complex nutrients and often only grow when attached to specially coated surfaces.

33
Q

Explain culturing viruses

A

They are routinely cultured to produce viral particles for study or for vaccine production. Since viruses lack the cellular machinery to reproduce they must culture in host cells

34
Q

Explain cell fractioning

A

Fractioning breaks cells apart and separates the major organelles from one another

35
Q

What does ultracentrifuging do?

A

Fractionates cells into their component parts

36
Q

What does cell fractionation enable scientists to determine?

A

The functions of organelles

Biology 107 Midterm 1 (6 decks)

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