Bio 107 Macromolecules

Question 1

Hydrocarbons are the ……. of the cell?

Answer 1

Building blocks

Question 2

Although cells are 70-95% water what other 4 compounds are they made up of?

Answer 2

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

Question 3

Complex molecules built on carbon are called organic molecules or…?

Answer 3

Hydrocarbons

Question 4

Macromolecules are?

Answer 4

Simple organic molecules combining, a major component of living cells

Question 5

Polymers are?

Answer 5

Larger molecules consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds

Question 6

The four classes of macromolecules are?

Answer 6

Lipids, carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids

Question 7

All macromolecules are formed using the same mechanism which is?

Answer 7

Dehydration and hydrolysis reactions

Question 8

What is hydrolysis

Answer 8

Adds a water molecule breaking a bond

Question 9

Dehydration is?

Answer 9

Removes a water molecule forming a new bond

Question 10

Diverse groups of hydrophobic molecules because they consist mostly of carbon and hydrogen connected by non polar covalent bonds

Answer 10

Lipids

Question 11

The most biologically important lipids are?

Answer 11

Fats
Phospholipids
Steroids

Question 12

Fats or triacylgycerols are?

Answer 12

Molecules used to store energy in a variety of organisms

Question 13

How fats/ TAGS constructed

Answer 13

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids strung together through dehydration synthesis.

Question 14

Difference between saturated fats and unsaturated fats

Answer 14

Saturated fats have single bonds and will be solid at room temp. And their common name is “fat”
Unsaturated fats have double bonds and will be liquid at room temperature and their common name is oil.

Question 15

What are phospholipids similar to

Answer 15

they are similar to TAGs but one of the fatty acids is replaced with polar phosphate group.

Question 16

What is hydrophilic?

Answer 16

Water loving

Question 17

Phospholipids are amphipathic which means?

Answer 17

Phosphate head is hydrophilic and the fatty acid tails are hydrophobic

Question 18

Phospholipids form?

Answer 18

Membranes

Question 19

Molecules that have a specific arrangement of carbon rings?

Answer 19

Steroids

Question 20

Steroids include?

Answer 20

Sex hormones, cholesterol, cortisone

Question 21

Carbohydrates are also called?

Answer 21

Sugars or saccharides.

Question 22

Carbohydrates are characterized by?

Answer 22

Having multiple alcohol groups (C-OH) and carbonyl groups (C=O)

Question 23

A single monomer is?

Answer 23

Monosaccharide (3-7 carbons)

Question 24

Carbohydrate polymers are?

Answer 24

Disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides

Question 25

Glycosidic linkage is?

Answer 25

Monosaccharides joined together by dehydration synthesis

Question 26

Used to provide structure, and as an energy storage molecule

Answer 26

Polysaccharides

Question 27

Starch

Answer 27

Common energy storage molecule in plants

Question 28

Glycogen

Answer 28

Used for energy storage in animals

Question 29

Cellulose

Answer 29

Very tough and useful for cell walls in plants; cellulose is tough to break down for animals

Question 30

Chitin

Answer 30

Similar to cellulose but contain nitrogen, used in fungi and animals

Question 31

Peptidoglycan

Answer 31

Used in the cell wall of bacteria

Question 32

Protein functions include?

Answer 32

Structural support, storage, transport, cellular communications, movement, and defence against foreign substances

Question 33

Proteins are polymers of?

Answer 33

Amino acids

Question 34

Each amino acid has an?

Answer 34

Amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH) and a unique side chain giving the amino acid a distinct chemical property

Question 35

Amino acids form what by what?

Answer 35

Polypeptides, dehydration synthesis

Question 36

Where are the polypeptides manufactured and what do they do to form proteins?

Answer 36

Ribosome, fold

Question 37

What are the 4 levels of protein structure? And explain what each one does

Answer 37

Primary: the unique sequence of amino acids joined by peptide bonds. Single alterations in sequence can have large effects

Secondary: hydrogen bonds causes sections to coil (a-helix) or stack (b-sheet)

Tertiary: the “fold” of the protein.

Quaternary: several polypeptides combine together to form a functional macromolecule

Question 38

Protein desaturation:

Answer 38

Chemical agents or changes in PH, temperature, or salt concentration may cause this complex structure to unravel. The protein is said the denature

Question 39

What are nucleic acids made of?

Answer 39

Nucleotides

Question 40

What are nucleotides are made of?

Answer 40

Nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, phosphate group

Question 41

….. and …… are nucleic acids responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information

Answer 41

DNA and RNA

Question 42

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Answer 42

Genetic material (the blueprints for making proteins)

Question 43

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Answer 43

Transmits information

Question 44

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) or GTP (guanosine triphosphate) do what?

Answer 44

Provide energy to drive the cellular process such as muscle contractions, nerve impulse, propagation and chemical synthesis