Intro To The Cell Flashcards
Cells are the building blocks of?
All living things.
Cells provide structure for the body,
Cells take in nutrients from food and convert those nutrients into energy,
Cells carry out specialized functions, and
Cells contain the body’s hereditary material and can make copies of themselves.
Characteristics of life…
Order Reproduction Growth Energy Utilization & Metabolism Respond to the Environment Homeostasis Evolutionary Adaptation
Are cells alive?
Are viruses alive?
Cells are alive and viruses are not though there is speculation.
What did Robert Hooke do (1665)
Observed tiny boxes in a cork and named them “cells”
Antoine van leeuwenhoek (1633-1723)
Observed living single cellular organisms in pond water.
Spontaneous generation or abiogenesis is….?
Obsolete theory that living organisms arose from non-living matter. (1600-1800)
What is the current understanding for where cells come from?
Biogenesis
Francesco Redi (1668) disproved what? And how?
Disproved that cells spontaneously generated and he did 5is by covering meat jars with gauze prevented the generation of maggots/flies.
Biogenesis is?
All cells com from pre-existing cells.
Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann (1839), cell theory consists of what?
- All living things are made up of one or more cell
- The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms
- All cells come from pre-existing cells (biogenesis)
Modern additions to cell theory include?
- Energy flow occurs within cells.
- Heredity information (DNA) is passed on from cell to cell.
- All cells have the same basic chemical composition.
Transmission of information in cells includes?
DNA Replication is where the cell copies its DNA genome.
Transcription is where the cell makes an RNA copy of the DNA sequence of a gene.
Translation is where the ribosome uses the RNA sequence of nucleotides to make an amino acid sequence (a protein).
Prokaryotic cell domain of life is?
Bactria and Archaea
Eukaryotic cells domain of life is?
Eukarya
Kingdoms include, animals, plants, fungi, protists and algae
Self replicating entities that do not contain cells are?
Viruses and prions
What is taxonomy?
Organisms are sorted in hierarchy (species, genus, family etc)
Things gets classified by looking at similar shared traits.
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) did what?
Demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air with his swan neck flask experiment.
Historically, microorganisms have been classified by taxonomy based on?
Cell shape
Ability to be stained
Biochemical abilities
Phylogeny?
Evolutionary history of a species or group of related species (similarity of DNA and RNA sequences)
Binomial nomenclature
Scientific names for organisms
Genus?
A taxonomic category above the species level, designated by the first word of species two part scientific name.
A hypothesis is?
A hypothetical explanation
A tentative answers to a well framed question
A rational account for a set of observations based on the available data and guided by deductive reasoning
Must be testable and falsifiable
The scientific process?
- Be curious, make observations
- Generate a question… what do you want to know
- Form a hypothesis
- Experiment: perform a series of tests capable of supporting or disproving your hypothesis
- Formulate conclusions
- Rinse and repeat
Experimental group?
Subsets of organisms etc. For which one or more factors are changed or manipulated
Independent variable
Is the variable that is changed or controlled in a scientific experiment to test the effects on the dependent variable
Dependent variable
Is the variable being tested and measured in the experiment.
Example:
A scientist is testing the effects of a new fertilizer on plant growth. The independent variable is the amount of fertilizer and the depended variable is the plants growth
Control groups
Outcome to which you compare your changed or manipulated group
Negative controls
Groups where no phenomenon is expected
Example: testing plant growth with a new fertilizer the negative control would be not giving the plant any fertilizer.
Positive control
Groups where a phenomenon is expected
Example : by using an experimental treatment that is already known to produce that effect
Can we always use the scientific theory?
No there are just questions that cannot not be answered with the scientific method.
A type of cells lacking a membrane- enclosed nucleus and membrane- enclosed organelles are?
Prokaryotic cells, which include bacteria and archea
The 3 domains are?
Archea, bacteria, eukarya
The smallest structure and functional unit of an organisms is?
The cell
Eukaryote
A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles.
Organisms with eukaryotic cells are?
Protists, plants, fungi, algae, and animals
What is science?
Science is from scientia “to know”
Science is a systematic approach to understanding the natural world.
