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iGCSE: Russia 1905-24 > Topic 3: Provisional Government and the Bolshevik Revolution > Flashcards

Topic 3: Provisional Government and the Bolshevik Revolution Flashcards

1
Q

When was Kerensky made the Prime Minister of the Provisional Government?

A

July 1917

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2
Q

When did Lenin return to Russia from exile?

A

April 1917

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3
Q

What was the period of March - October 1917 called?

A

Period of Dual Power

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4
Q

When was the June Offensive?

A

1st - 4th June 1917

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5
Q

When were the July Days?

A

3rd - 17th July

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6
Q

Who led the Provisional Government?

A

Prince Lvov

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7
Q

Who was a key player in the Provisional Government?

A

Alexander Kerensky

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8
Q

Why was Kerensky a key player in the Provisional Governmet?

A

He was populat with the people

He met crowds to discuss their demands

He became a link between the Provisional Government and the Petrograd Soviet

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9
Q

What positives did the Provisional Government do?

A

They ended capital punishment
They ended press censorship
They released all political prisoners
They disbanded the Okhrana

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10
Q

Why was ending press censorship ultimately a negative for the Provisional Government?

A

It allowed critics of the government to attack the government for problems it was not solving

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11
Q

What did Lenin coming back to Russia mean for the Bolsheviks?

A

The Bolsheviks had a clear leader

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12
Q

What were the five problems of the Provisional Government?

A
  1. Power sharing with the Petrograd Soviet
  2. Continuing the war
  3. Not solving the land issue
  4. Not solving the lack of food problem
  5. They had no clear aims
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13
Q

Who did the Petrograd Soviet represent?

A

Soldiers and workers

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14
Q

Why did the Provisional Government have to work with the Petrograd Soviet?

A

The Petrograd Soviet had control of the army and the workers would do what they said

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15
Q

Why did the Petrograd Soviet have more respect than the Provisional Government?

A

The Petrograd Soviet had actually been elected

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16
Q

What was Army Order Number 1

A

Siad that soldiers and sailors must set up committees to take control of weapons and equipment, stop using titles, and stop saluting officers

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17
Q

Why did the Petrograd Soviet not just take over the Provisional Government?

A

The Petrograd Soviet was run by Mensheviks and other Marxists.

They wanted revolution but believed there had to be a bourgeois phase in Russia before a socialist revolution.

The Provisional Government was bourgeois so they supported it

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18
Q

Why did the Petrograd Soviet keep out of the affairs of the Provisional Government?

A

Russia had a lot of problems that were not being dealt with.

The Petrograd Soviet did not want to be blamed for this

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19
Q

Lenin worked hard to get a majority in the Petrograd Soviet. When was this achieved?

A

September 1917

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20
Q

Why did the Provisional Government not remove Russia from the war right away?

A

They wanted investment from Britain and France so did not want to anger them

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21
Q

What was the June Offensive?

A

Ordered by Kerensky

Was intended to be short and to push the Germans back

It was a complete disaster.

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22
Q

What were peasants doing in the countryside?

A

Seizing landowner estates and murdering resistors

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23
Q

Why did the Provisional Government not solve the land issue?

A

They wanted to leave land issues to the elected government

Worried that further land reforms might cause more army desertions

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24
Q

Why was the lack of food problem made worse?

A

Chaos in the countryside led to less food being transported to towns and cities

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25
Q

How was the Provisional Government divided

A

It was badly divided and made up of several political parties.

The Kadets wanted to restore law and order and set up parliamentary democracy.

The socialists wanted to push the revolution further

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26
Q

Who helped Lenin get back to Russia?

A

The Germans

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27
Q

Why did the Germans help Lenin get back to Russia?

A

It was hoped he woud undermine the Russian war effort

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28
Q

When did Lenin arrive at Finland Station (in Petrograd)?

A

3rd April 1917

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29
Q

What is the name of Lenin’s demands?

A

April Theses

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30
Q

What were the April Theses?

A

An immediate end to the war as it was a capitalist war

Nationalisation of industry

Land for peasants - nationalisation of land

All power in Russia must be given to the Soviets

End all cooperation with the Provisional Government and any party helping them

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31
Q

What were Lenin’s two effective slogans?

A

‘Peace, Bread, and Land’

‘All power to the Soviets’

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32
Q

What was the purpose of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets in June 1917?

A

To bring representatives from the soviets across Russia together

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33
Q

What was the political make up of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets?

A

13% Bolsehvik
66% Menshevik and SRs

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34
Q

Why did support for Bolshevism grow?

A

Food and fuel shortages

The land problem

Delayed elections

Propaganda

Bolshevik military strength

Foreign support

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35
Q

What did the bread allowance go down to?

A

450g to 110g - barely enough to live on

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36
Q

What did the peasants demand of the Provisional Government?

A

That the government made their seizing of land legal

37
Q

What did Kerensky do in response to peasants seizing land?

A

Sent out punishment brigades

38
Q

Why was it such a problem that elections for the Constituent Assembly were delayed?

A

People felt cheated

Decisions were left waiting for this new government that was seemingly never coming

39
Q

What appeared in June 1917 in most cities?

A

Bolshevik newspapers

40
Q

What did Bolshevik newspapers do?

A

Criticised the government

Emphasised Lenin’s April Theses

41
Q

How mant Red Guards (Bolshevik militia) were there by July 1917?

A

10,000 in Petrograd

42
Q

Who secretly sent the Bolsheviks money?

A

Germany

43
Q

Why did the Germans secretly send the Bolsheviks money?

A

For their activities to undermine the war effort

44
Q

What was the July Days?

A

Anti-government demonstrations

45
Q

What were protesters protesting during the July Days?

A

To protest the war and the failed June Offensive

To protest about the continuing food shortages

46
Q

Who was the protests of July Days started by?

A

Anarchist revolutionaries

47
Q

What did protesting at the July Days turn into?

A

Riots

48
Q

What dispersed the crowds of rioters during the July Days?

A

A thunderstorm on the 4th July

49
Q

What did Kerensky argue about Lenin during the July Days?

A

That he was a danger to Russia and was in the pay of the Germans

50
Q

Where did Lenin flee to after the July Days?

A

Finland

51
Q

Who was arrested after the July Days?

A

Trotsky

52
Q

Who did Kerensky appoint as commander-in-chief of the army?

A

General Kornilov

53
Q

Why was General Kornilov angry at the Provisional Government?

A

There was a lack of discipline in the army

54
Q

What did Kornilov want to introduce to break the power of the Soviets?

A

Martial Law

55
Q

Why did Kornilov take troops from the front line back to Petrograd?

A

Destroy the Petrograd Soviet and arrest its members

Remove Kerensky and the Provisional government

Set up a military dictatorship with himself as leader

56
Q

Who was Kerensky forced to work with during Kornilov’s revolt?

A

The Petrograd Soviet

57
Q

Within days, how many men had the Bolsheviks enlisted to help defend Petrograd?

A

25,000 men

58
Q

What did Trotsky send to Kornilov’s troops?

A

Agitators to convince them to desert

59
Q

What stopped Kornilov’s supplies from reaching Petrograd?

A

The Railway union

60
Q

What was waiting for Kornilov when he reached Petrograd

A

Nothing. He had no troops.

61
Q

Who got the credit for stopping Kornilov?

A

The Bolsheviks

62
Q

Why did Kerensky look weak during the Kornilov Revolt?

A

He had to rely on the Bolsehviks

63
Q

What happened to the army after the Kornilov revolt?

A

Discipline collapsed.

Hundreds of officers were murdered.

Tens of thousands of soldiers deserted and returned to villages

64
Q

What was the increase in Bolsheviks within the Soviets?

A

At the start of 1917, they had 24,000 members

By October 1917, they had 340,000 members

65
Q

What did the 40,000 Red Guards do with the weapons Kerensky gave them to stop Kornilov?

A

They kept them

66
Q

What did Lenin do in mid-October 1917?

A

Returned to Russia in disguise

67
Q

Whose organisation was vital to Bolshevik sucess?

A

Trotsky

68
Q

Where was the Bolshevik headquarters in October 1917?

A

The Smolny Institute

69
Q

What did Kerensky try to do in response to the growth in support for the Bolsheviks?

A

Send all Bolshevik influenced army units out of Petrograd

70
Q

What did the Bolsehviks do in response to Kerensky trying to remove Bolshevik influenced army units?

A

Set up the Military Revolutionary Committee

71
Q

By the 21st October, who had promised loyalty to the MRC?

A

Most of Petrograd regiment

72
Q

What did Kerensky try to do to stop the Bolsehviks?

A

Shut down their newspapers

Closing river crossings between the city centre and working class districts

73
Q

How did Trotsky use the MRC in response to Kerensky closing river crossings?

A

He used the MRC to take control of roads, canals, bridges, army HQ, and the post office

74
Q

What did Kerensky do to try and get support against the Bolsheviks?

A

Drove around Russia in his car looking for soldiers to defend the Provisional Government

75
Q

What did the Red Guard take control of on the 25th-26th October?

A

Bridges, telegraph office, railway stations, and power stations

76
Q

Was the October Revolution a bloody revolution?

A

No, most soldiers standing guard over important buildings just handed them over.

Most people did not even realise a revolution was happening

77
Q

What did the Bolshevik Party take over on the 26th October?

A

The state bank

78
Q

Did Kerensky return from trying to find soldiers to defend Petrograd?

A

No. He left the city and did not return.

79
Q

Who was in charge of defending the Winter Palace?

A

The Women’s Death Battalion

80
Q

Did the Women’s Death Battalion fight the Bolsehvik’s over the Winter Palace?

A

No - they were not keen on fighting the Bolsheviks

81
Q

Did Provisional Government ministers resist the takeover?

A

No

82
Q

How did Bolsehvik propaganda present the seizure of the Winter Palace?

A

As a dramatic battle won by the heroic determination of the Red Guard

83
Q

In reality, what was the seizure of the Winter Palace like?

A

Easy. Only 5 Red Guards were hurt

84
Q

What did delegates do at the All-Russian Congress of Soviets in October?

A

Left in protest as the Bolsheviks were still a small party and should not have taken over.

85
Q

What did Trotsky say of the delegates that left the All-Russian Congress of Soviets?

A

They belonged ‘to the dustbin of history’

86
Q

What were Lenin’s strengths during the October Revolution?

A

Clear thinking

April Theses was simple and effective

87
Q

What were Trotsky’s strengths during the October Revolution?

A

He planned the details of the seizure of power

He organised the Red Army

He coordinated military operations through the MRC

He motivated Bolshevik supporters through speeches

88
Q

Who did Trotsky persuade to support the uprising and provide weapons?

A

The Petrograd Garrison

The Kronstadt Naval Base

89
Q

What were the weaknesses of the Provisional Government that led to the October Revolution?

A

Continuing the war - the army could not be relied upon to maintain law and order

Not giving the peasants land - this increased desertions from the army and lost landowner support

Kornilov Revolt - weakened Kerensky and the Provisional Government

Delayed elections made people lose faith in the Provisional Government - they didn’t want to return to a system like they had under the Tsar.

iGCSE: Russia 1905-24 (15 decks)

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