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iGCSE: Russia 1905-24 > Topic 2: Opposition to Tsarist Rule 1914-17 > Flashcards

Topic 2: Opposition to Tsarist Rule 1914-17 Flashcards

1
Q

What was the capital city renamed to in 1914?

A

Petrograd

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2
Q

When did Petrograd change to Leningrad?

A

1924

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3
Q

What was the capital of Russia called before 1914?

A

St Petersburg

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4
Q

Why did enthusiasm for the war not last long?

A

Tannenburg and the Masurian Lakes battles were a disaster

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5
Q

In 1914, how many men did Russia lose?

A

250,000 men

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6
Q

Where had the Germans overrun by the middle of 1915?

A

Russian Poland
Lithuania
Most of Latvia

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7
Q

By 1915, what had casualties and deaths mounted to?

A

2 million dead
5 million injured

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8
Q

By the end of 1914, how many soldiers were dead, wounded or taken prisoner?

A

1 million

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9
Q

By March 1917, how many men had been killed, wounded, or taken prisoner?

A

Over 8 million

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10
Q

What did the war expose?

A

Serious weakness in the Russian economy and government’s handling

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11
Q

How were deserters from the army encouraged?

A

Through anti-war and anti-Tsarist propaganda that revolutionaries put out

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12
Q

What did the Tsar do in 1915?

A

Took personal command of the army.

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13
Q

Why was it a mistake that Tsar Nicholas II took command of the army?

A
  • He had no military experience
  • He never returned to Petrograd so was out of touch
  • Made himself responsible for any and all defeats
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14
Q

How was Nicholas II seen before he took command of the army?

A

Their ‘Little Father’

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15
Q

How many roubles did the Russian government spend between 1914-17 on the war?

A

17 billion

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16
Q

How many x more did they spend on WWI than in the Russo-Japanese war?

A

15x

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17
Q

Prohibition affected what alcohol?

A

Vodka

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18
Q

How much of the governments taxes were made up from the sale of vodka?

A

25%

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19
Q

Why was there a lack of men for factories and farms?

A

15 million men were sent to fight

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20
Q

In 1915, how many factories had to close?

A

500

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21
Q

What did the government do to deal with economic problems
(Hint: they did the same thing in Germany in 1923)

A

Printed more money

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22
Q

What was there a shortage of in towns?

A

Fuel and food

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23
Q

Why could the railway system not deliver all of the food?

A

It was inefficient.

Train loads of food were left rotting in sidings

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24
Q

Why did factories keep closing?

A

Coal and materials were scarce

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25
Q

How much did the price of meat rise by?

A

300%

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26
Q

How much did the price of flour rise by?

A

200%

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27
Q

Why were the problems in towns affecting the Tsar?

A

People began to blame him for the problems

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28
Q

Who was farming left in the hands of?

A

Women and the elderly who had less experience with farming and could not cope with how much needed to be grown

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29
Q

What did the army seize from the peasants?

A

Horses

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30
Q

Where prices good for the peasants that sold their food to the government?

A

No

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31
Q

Why did landowners suffer during WWI?

A

They had a shortage of labourers and land value collapsed

32
Q

What happened to many small businesses during WWI?

A

They went bankrupt

33
Q

What increased on the front line during the winter of 1916-17

A

Desertions

34
Q

Which offensive had been a success?

A

Brusilov

35
Q

What rumours sparked peasant soldiers deserting the army?

A

Rumours that peasants were taking over unused land

36
Q

What temperatures did the winter of 1916-17 reach?

A

-30 to -40

37
Q

What did food prices rise by during the winter of 1916-17?

A

300%

38
Q

What was often reserved for ‘special customers’

A

Bread

39
Q

What did members of the Duma demand?

A

That the Tsar’s failing government be replaced by duma deputies in a ministry of national confidence

40
Q

In August 1915, what group became a centre of opposition to the Tsar?

A

Moderate politicians (Progressive Bloc)

41
Q

Who did the Tsar give control to when he took over the army?

A

Tsarina Alexandra

42
Q

Why did Russian people mistrust the Tsarina?

A

She was German

43
Q

Who did the Tsarina have a close relationship to that spoilt her reputation?

A

Rasputin

44
Q

What was the rumour about Rasputin and Tsarina Alexandra?

A

That they were lovers and that they were purposefully losing the war

45
Q

When was Rasputin assassinated?

A

December 1916

46
Q

Who killed Rasputin?

A

Prince Felix Yusupov
Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich
Poltician Vladimir Prushkevich

47
Q

Who would the Tsarina not work with?

A

The Duma

48
Q

Who did Tsarina Alexandra put in charge of key ministerial positions?

A

People that would do as they were told

49
Q

Why did the Tsar’s family trust Rasputin?

A

He could ‘control’ the haemophilia of Alexei, Tsarevich of Russia

50
Q

Who lost respect for the Tsar because of rumours of Rasputin and the Tsarina?

A

Peasants and workers

51
Q

Who had Rasputin banished from Petrograd?

A

Stolypin

52
Q

Why did Rasputin return to Petrograd in 1911?

A

Stolypin died

53
Q

When did Rasputin have most influence over the Tsarina?

A

After 1915

54
Q

Who was support decreasing from as the war got worse?

A

Middle and upper classes

They were upset Rasputin had influence

55
Q

What started in February 1917?

A

Strikes
With members of the army joining in

56
Q

What hit major cities with railway transport focused on the military?

A

Food shortages

57
Q

Why did peasants not sell much grain?

A

There was little to buy with the money they made

58
Q

What was rationed from the 1st March 1917?

A

Bread

59
Q

When did thousands of women march against bread shortages?

A

23rd February, International Women’s Day

60
Q

Between the 23rd-25th February, how many people marched through Petrograd?

A

250,000

61
Q

Who did Nicholas II have to rely on for reports?

A

Tsarina Alexandra

62
Q

What did Nicholas II order on the 25th February?

A

He ordered troops to fire on the protestors

63
Q

What did soldiers do as a result of Nicholas’ order to fire on protestors?

A

They mutinied

64
Q

On the 26th February, which regiment refused their orders?

A

Pavlovsky Regiment

65
Q

How many weapons did soldiers and workers control after opening the weapons stores?

A

40,000 rifles
30,000 revolvers

66
Q

How many soldiers joined the protestors?

A

150,000

67
Q

Where did Nicholas II stop on his way back to Petrograd?

A

Pskov

68
Q

When did Tsar Nicholas II abdicate?

A

2nd March 1917

69
Q

Who turned down the offer of the crown after Nicholas II?

A

Grand Duke Michael

70
Q

Why did Grand Duke Michael refuse the crown?

A

The Provisional Government warned him that there would be civil war if he became Tsar

71
Q

How many years of Romanov rule were over with the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II?

A

300

72
Q

Which two groups filled the vacuum of power?

A

The Petrograd Soviet
The Duma

73
Q

Who did the Petrograd Soviet represent?

A

The workers and soldiers

74
Q

What did the Duma do?

A

12 Duma representatives set up a provisional committee

75
Q

Who led the Provisional Government at first?

A

Prince Lvov

76
Q

What was the goal of the Provisional Government?

A

They would run Russia until formal elections could be held

77
Q

What were the 8 principles of the Provisional Government

A
  1. An immediate amnesty for all political and religious offences
  2. Freedom of speech, press, form labour unions and to strike
  3. Abolition of all social, religious and national restrictions
  4. Immediate preparation for the calling of a Constituent Assembly by universal and secret ballot
  5. To organise a new militia with elective officers in place of police
  6. Elections to be carried out on the basis of universal, direct, equal and secret suffrage
  7. Troops that have taken part in the revolutionary movement shall not be disarmed
  8. Strict military discipline when on duty but when off duty, soldiers should have the same public rights as enjoyed by citizens

iGCSE: Russia 1905-24 (15 decks)

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