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Medical Neuropsychology > Topic 3 - Migraine, Respiratory- And Sleep Disorders > Flashcards

Topic 3 - Migraine, Respiratory- And Sleep Disorders Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What are the phases in migraine?

A

Prodrome
Aura
Pain
Postdrome

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2
Q

What happens during the aura phase?

A

Reduced cerebral blood flow and metabolism

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3
Q

What happens during the pain phase of migraine?

A

Cerebral hyperemia and vasodilatation of intra and extra cranial blood vessels

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4
Q

The aura phase and later headache with mental confusion and difficulty thinking are due to….?

A

A temporary imbalance of cerebral neurotransmitter and serotoninergic systems

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5
Q

What are the four types of headaches?

A
  • migraine + aura
  • migraine - aura
  • chronic daily headaches
  • cluster headaches
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6
Q

Which cognitive domains are affected during vascular headaches?

A
  • attention
  • immediate recall
  • calculation
  • abstraction
  • overall cognitive functioning
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7
Q

Which brain regions are most vulnerable to the effects of anoxia or ischemia?

A

Most vulnerable are structures at the end of the vascular supply, with high metabolic rates

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8
Q

Anoxic brain injury results in lesions in the ….

A
  • hippocampus
  • basal ganglia
  • cerebellum
  • atrophy of corpus callosum
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9
Q

Neuropsychological deficits following anoxic brain injury are …

A
  • agnosia
  • impaired memory
  • executive dysfunction
  • impaired visual-spatial skills
  • generalized neuro cognitive impairments
  • motor disturbances
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10
Q

How is migraine initiated?

A
  1. neuronal discharges releasing neurotransmitters from the upper brain stem and trigeminal system
  2. unilateral cerebral vasoconstriction (aura’s)
  3. Vasodilation of intra and extra cranial blood vessels (headaches)
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10
Q

Psychological and behavior changes after anoxic brain injury

A 
Euphoria
Irritability 
Emotional volatility 
Depression
Anxiety
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12
Q

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease refers to …

A

A group of pulmonary diseases with airflow limitation that is not fully reversible including chronic bronchitis and emphysema, which occur without an asthmatic component

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13
Q

COPD is …

A

A progressive and degenerative disease process that results in airflow obstruction, air trapping, hyperinflation if the lungs, and impaired gas exchange

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14
Q

Risk factors for the development of COPD are …

A
  • smoking
  • family history of pulmonary diseases
  • exposure to allergies
  • pulmonary infection
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15
Q

Symptoms of COPD

A
  • shortness of breath
  • dyspnea
  • cough
  • increased sputum production
  • wheezing
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16
Q

As COPD advances, the pulmonary changes lead to …

A
  • abnormal sleep structure
  • sleeplessness
  • poor physical and neuro cognitive function
  • poor exercise tolerance
  • lack of appetite
  • weight change
  • fatigue
  • dyspnea
17
Q

What neurocognitive impairment have patients with COPD?

A
  • impaired memory
  • executive function
  • flexible thinking
  • attention
  • slowed mental processing speed
18
Q

Neurocognitive impairments in COPD correlate with …

A

The duration and severity of the hypoxia

Also associated with older age and duration of COPD

19
Q

What is the most commonly affected domain in COPD?

A

Memory

20
Q

Which neuropsychiatric disorders are common in patients with COPD?

A

Depression and anxiety

21
Q

What is the effect of oxygen treatment in patients with COPD?

A

Oxygen treatment may improve neurocognitive functioning but does not have an effect on neuropsychiatric disorders

22
Q

Exercise rehabilitation in COPD patients show improvements in …

A
  • physical functioning
  • endurance
  • neurocognitive functioning
  • improved neuropsychiatric well-being
23
Q

Mild hypoxia leads to …

A

Mild impairments in higher cerebral problem solving skills

24
Q

Moderate to severe hypoxia leads to …

A

Poor motor skills, abstract reasoning problems, attention problems, learning problems, memory and language problems

25
Q

When do you have chronic daily headaches?

A

When you have more than 15 migraine headaches per month

26
Q

ARDS is characterized by ..

A

acute lung injury, hypoxemia, lowered total thoracic compliance and diffuse bilateral infiltrates

27
Q

Neurocognitive morbidity associated with ARDS

A
  • global neurocognitive decline
  • impaired memory
  • mental processing speed
  • concentration
  • attention
28
Q

Neuropsychiatric morbidity associated with ARDS

A

Depression, anxiety and PTSD

29
Q

What are the acute symptoms of CO poisening

A

non-specific flu like symptoms. Heart and brain most vulnerable.

30
Q

As a result of CO poisoning, neuronal lesions occur in …

A

cortex, cerebellum, thalamus, substantia nigra

31
Q

neurocognitive morbidity associated with CO poisoning

A
  • memory
  • executive functioning
  • mental processing speed
  • intellectual functioning
  • apraxia
  • aphasia
  • agnosia
32
Q

neuropsychiatric morbidity associated with CO poisoning

A
  • depression
  • anxiety
  • hallucinations
  • violent outbursts
  • elated mood
  • irritability
  • decreased frustration tolerance
33
Q

what is the effect of hyperbaric oxygen treatment in CO

A

hyperbaric oxygen treatment improves neurocognitive functioning but does not reduce depression and anxiety

34
Q

OSA is characterized by …

A

absence (apnea) or reduction (hypopnea) of airflow lasting at least 10 s despite normal respiratory eforts

35
Q

common symptoms OSA

A

excessive daytime sleepiness, snoring, gasping/choking during sleep, headaches, irritability, mood disturbance, personality change, motor restlessness, and neurocognitive complaints.

36
Q

OSA is a risk factor for ..

A

the development of pulmonary hypertension, cardiovasculair disease, arrhythmias, hormonal abnormalities

37
Q

high incidence of OSA in …

A

men, snorring, overweight, high BP, physical abnormalities in the upper airways

38
Q

neurocognitive morbidities associated with OSA

A
  • memory
  • attention
  • vigilance
  • general intellectual functioning
  • problem solving
  • executive functioning
  • visuospatial abilities
  • psychomotor speed
39
Q

neuropsychiatric morbidities associated with OSA

A

depression and anxiety

Medical Neuropsychology (9 decks)

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